Iyini i-valve yebhola ehlanzekile?Ivalvu Yebhola Elihlanzekile Ephakeme iyisisetshenziswa sokulawula ukugeleza esihlangabezana nezindinganiso zomkhakha zokuhlanzeka kwempahla nokuklama.Amavalvu enqubweni yokuhlanzeka okuphezulu asetshenziswa emikhakheni emibili emikhulu yokusetshenziswa:
Lezi zisetshenziswa "ezinhlelweni zokusekela" ezifana nokucubungula ukuhlanza umusi wokuhlanza nokulawula izinga lokushisa.Embonini yezemithi, ama-valve ebhola awalokothi asetshenziswe ezinhlelweni noma ezinqubweni ezingase zihlangane ngqo nomkhiqizo wokugcina.
Lithini izinga lemboni lamavalvu okuhlanzeka okuphezulu?Imboni yezemithi ithola indlela yokukhetha amavalvu emithonjeni emibili:
I-ASME/BPE-1997 iwumbhalo oguquguqukayo ovamile ohlanganisa ukuklanywa nokusetshenziswa kwemishini embonini yezemithi. Leli zinga lihloselwe ukuklama, izinto zokwakha, ukwakhiwa, ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kwemikhumbi, amapayipi nezinye izinsimbi ezihlobene namaphampu, ama-valve nezinto zokufakwa ezisetshenziswa embonini ye-biopharmaceutical. Empeleni, lo mbhalo uthi, umkhiqizo othintwayo, “... ukukhiqiza, ukuthuthukiswa kwenqubo noma ukukhuphula izinga...futhi kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo, njengamanzi omjovo (i-WFI), isitimu esihlanzekile, ukucwenga, ukugcinwa komkhiqizo okumaphakathi kanye nama-centrifuges.”
Namuhla, imboni ithembele ku-ASME/BPE-1997 ukuze inqume imiklamo yevalvu yebhola yezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingezona zomkhiqizo.
Amavalvu asetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zenqubo ye-biopharmaceutical ahlanganisa ama-valve ebhola, ama-diaphragm valve, nama-valve okuhlola.Lo mbhalo wobunjiniyela uzokhawulelwa engxoxweni yamavalvu ebhola.
Ukuqinisekisa kuyinqubo yokulawula eklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kabusha komkhiqizo ocutshungulwayo noma ukwakhiwa.Lolu hlelo lubonisa ukulinganisa nokuqapha izingxenye zenqubo yemishini, isikhathi sokubunjwa, izinga lokushisa, ingcindezi nezinye izimo.Uma uhlelo nemikhiqizo yalolo hlelo sekufakazelwe ukuthi iphindaphindeka, zonke izingxenye nemibandela kubhekwa njengokuqinisekisiwe.Azikho izinguquko ezingenziwa “emigudwini yokucubungula” yokugcina (inqubo yokucubungula) (inqubo yokuvuselela).
Kuphinde kube nezinkinga ezihlobene nokuqinisekiswa kwezinto.I-MTR (Umbiko Wokuhlola Okubalulekile) isitatimende esivela kumkhiqizi wokusakaza esibhala ukwakheka kokulingisa futhi siqinisekise ukuthi sivele ekuqhutshweni okukhethekile kwenqubo yokusakaza.Leli zinga lokulandeleka liyathandeka kukho konke ukufakwa kwezingxenye ezibalulekile zamapayipi kuzo zonke izimboni eziningi.Wonke ama-valve kufanele ahlinzekwe ama-MTR okusebenza kwemithi.
Abakhiqizi bezinto zezihlalo bahlinzeka ngemibiko yokuqamba ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthobela izihlalo nemihlahlandlela ye-FDA.(FDA/USP Class VI) Izinto zokuhlala ezamukelekayo zifaka i-PTFE, RTFE, Kel-F ne-TFM.
I-Ultra High Purity (UHP) igama elihloselwe ukugcizelela isidingo sokuhlanzeka okuphezulu kakhulu.Leli yitemu elisetshenziswa kakhulu emakethe ye-semiconductor lapho kudingeka inani eliphelele eliphelele lezinhlayiya emfudlaneni wokugeleza.Amavalvu, amapayipi, izihlungi, nezinto eziningi ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwazo ngokuvamile zihlangabezana naleli zinga le-UHP lapho zilungiswa, zipakishwa, futhi ziphathwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile.
Imboni ye-semiconductor ithola ukucaciswa kwedizayini yama-valve kusukela ekuhlanganisweni kolwazi oluphethwe yiqembu le-SemaSpec.Ukukhiqizwa kwama-microchip wafers kudinga ukubambelela ngokuqinile ezindinganisweni ukuze kuqedwe noma kuncishiswe ukungcoliswa okuvela ezinhlayiyeni, ukukhipha umoya kanye nomswakama.
Izinga le-SemaSpec lichaza umthombo wokukhiqizwa kwezinhlayiyana, usayizi wezinhlayiyana, umthombo wegesi (ngokuhlanganiswa kwevalvu ethambile), ukuhlolwa kokuvuza kwe-helium, kanye nomswakama ngaphakathi nangaphandle komngcele wamavalvu.
Ama-valve ebhola afakazelwe kahle ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezinzima.Ezinye zezinzuzo ezibalulekile zalo mklamo zihlanganisa:
I-Mechanical polishing – Izindawo ezipholishiwe, amashisela kanye nezindawo ezisetshenziswayo zinezici zangaphezulu ezihlukile uma zibukwa ngaphansi kwengilazi yokusondeza.
Ukupholisha ngomshini kwenziwa ezintweni ezizungezisayo kusetshenziswa ama-abrasives e-alumina.Ukupholishwa ngomshini kungafinyelelwa ngamathuluzi ezandla ezindaweni ezinkulu, njengama-reactors nemikhumbi ekhona, noma ngokubuyisela okuzenzakalelayo kwamapayipi noma izingxenye ze-tubular.Uchungechunge lwama-grit polishes lusetshenziswa ngokulandelana okucolisekileyo okulandelanayo kuze kube yilapho kufinyelelwa isiphetho osifunayo noma ukuhwaqeka kwendawo.
I-Electropolishing ukususwa kokungahambi kahle kwe-microscopic endaweni yensimbi ngezindlela ze-electrochemical.Kuphumela ekubeni bushelelezi okuvamile noma ukushelela kwendawo, okuthi, uma kubukwa ngaphansi kwengilazi yokukhulisa, kubonakale kungenasici.
Insimbi engagqwali imelana ngokwemvelo nokugqwala ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo kwe-chromium ephezulu (imvamisa engu-16% noma ngaphezulu kunsimbi engagqwali).I-Electropolishing ithuthukisa lokhu kumelana kwemvelo ngoba inqubo incibilikisa insimbi eningi (Fe) kune-chromium (Cr).Lokhu kushiya amazinga aphezulu e-chromium endaweni yensimbi engagqwali.(passivation)
Umphumela wanoma iyiphi inqubo yokupholisha ukwakhiwa kwendawo “ebushelelezi” echazwa ngokuthi ubuhwaqaqe obumaphakathi (Ra).Ngokusho kwe-ASME/BPE; "Konke ukupholisha kuzovezwa ngo-Ra, ama-microinches (m-in), noma ama-micrometers (mm)."
Ubushelelezi bobuso ngokuvamile bulinganiswa nge-profilometer, ithuluzi elizenzakalelayo elinengalo ephindaphindayo yesitayela se-stylus.I-stylus idlula endaweni yensimbi ukuze ilinganise ukuphakama okuphezulu kanye nokushona kwesigodi.Ukuphakama okuphakathi nendawo nokushona kwesigodi kuvezwa njengokumaphakathi kokugwedla, okuvezwa ngezigidi zamayintshi noma ama-microinches, ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi i-Ra.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwendawo epholishiwe nepholishiwe, inani lezinhlamvu ezilumayo kanye nobuhwaqane obungaphezulu (ngaphambi nangemuva kokupholishwa ngogesi) kuboniswa kuthebula elingezansi.(Ngokuphuma kwe-ASME/BPE, bheka Ithebula SF-6 kulo mbhalo)
Ama-Micrometer ayindinganiso evamile yaseYurophu, futhi isistimu yemethrikhi ilingana nama-microinch.I-microinch eyodwa ilingana nama-micrometer angaba ngu-40. Isibonelo: Isiphetho esicaciswe njengo-0.4 microns Ra silingana no-16 amayintshi ama-micro.
Ngenxa yokuguquguquka okungokwemvelo komklamo we-valve yebhola, itholakala kalula ezinhlobonhlobo zezihlalo, uphawu kanye nezinto zomzimba.Ngakho-ke, ama-valve ebhola akhiqizwa ukuphatha uketshezi olulandelayo:
Imboni ye-biopharmaceutical ikhetha ukufaka "amasistimu avaliwe" noma nini lapho kungenzeka.Izixhumi ze-Tube Extended Outside Diameter (ETO) zixhumeke kumugqa ukuze kuqedwe ukungcoliswa ngaphandle komngcele we-valve/ipayipi futhi kwengeze ukuqina ohlelweni lwamapayipi.I-Tri-Clamp (uxhumano lwe-hygienic clamp) iphetha ukwengeza ukuguquguquka kwesistimu ngaphandle kokufakwa kwe-Clamp. ihlakazwe kalula futhi yahlelwa kabusha.
Ukufakwa kwe-Cherry-Burrell ngaphansi kwamagama ebhrendi "I-Line", "S-Line" noma "Q-Line" kuyatholakala futhi kumasistimu wokuhlanzeka okuphezulu njengemboni yokudla/yeziphuzo.
Iziphetho ze-Tube Extended Outside Diameter (ETO) zivumela ukushiselwa okungaphakathi kwe-valve ohlelweni lwamapayipi.Iziphetho ze-ETO zilinganiselwe ukuze zifane nepayipi (ipayipi) ububanzi besistimu nobukhulu bodonga.Ubude beshubhu enwetshiwe buthatha amakhanda okushisela ajikelezayo futhi bunikeza ubude obanele ukuze kuvinjwe ukulimala kwesivalo somzimba we-valve ngenxa yokushisa okushiselayo.
Amavalvu ebhola asetshenziswa kakhulu ekucubungulweni kwezicelo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwawo okungokwemvelo.Amavalvu e-diaphragm anezinga lokushisa elilinganiselwe nesevisi yokucindezela futhi awahlangabezani nazo zonke izindinganiso zamavalvu ezimboni.Amavalvu ebhola angasetshenziselwa:
Ukwengeza, isigaba sesikhungo se-valve yebhola siyasuswa ukuze kuvunyelwe ukufinyelela kubuhlalu obushisela ngaphakathi, obungase buhlanzwe futhi/noma bupholishwe.
Ukuthuthwa kwamanzi kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe izinhlelo ze-bioprocessing zisesimweni esihlanzekile nesiyinyumba.Uketshezi olusele ngemva kokukhipha amanzi luba indawo yokwenza ikoloni yamagciwane noma ezinye izinto ezincane ezincane, okudala umthwalo wezinto eziphilayo ongamukeleki ohlelweni. ukukhipha amanzi kuphelile.
Isikhala esifile ohlelweni lwamapayipi sichazwa ngokuthi i-groove, i-tee, noma isandiso esivela epayipini elikhulu eligijima elidlula inani lobubanzi bepayipi (L) elichazwe ku-ID yepayipi elikhulu (D).Indawo efile ayithandeki ngoba inikeza indawo yokuvaleleka engase ingafinyeleleki ngezinqubo zokuhlanza noma zokuhlanza, okuholela ekungcolisweni komkhiqizo.Ngokwe-bioprocessing/i-valve yamapayipi amaningi, ama-valve amaningi e-bioprocessing angaba amapayipi angu-2:1 ukucupha.
Izidambisi mlilo zenzelwe ukuvimbela ukusabalala koketshezi oluvuthayo uma kwenzeka umlilo womugqa wenqubo.Umklamo usebenzisa isihlalo esingemuva sensimbi kanye ne-anti-static ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvutha.Izimboni ze-biopharmaceutical kanye nezimonyo ngokuvamile zithanda izinto zokucisha umlilo ezinhlelweni zokulethwa kotshwala.
I-FDA-USP23, Izinto zesihlalo sevalvu yebhola ezivunyiwe ze-Class VI zihlanganisa: PTFE, RTFE, Kel-F, PEEK kanye ne-TFM.
I-TFM iyi-PTFE eguqulelwe ngamakhemikhali evala igebe phakathi kwe-PTFE yendabuko kanye ne-PFA.TFM ecutshungulekayo ihlukaniswa njenge-PTFE ngokuya nge-ASTM D 4894 kanye ne-ISO Draft WDT 539-1.5.Uma iqhathaniswa ne-PTFE evamile, i-TFM inalezi zinto ezilandelayo ezithuthukisiwe:
Izihlalo ezigcwele izimbotshana zenzelwe ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwezinto okuthi, lapho zivaleleke phakathi kwebhola nomgodi womzimba, zingaqina noma zivimbele ukusebenza kahle kwelungu elivala ama-valve.Ama-valve ebhola ahlanzekile asetshenziswa kusevisi ye-steam akufanele asebenzise lokhu kulungiselelwa kwesihlalo sokuzithandela, njengoba umusi ungathola indlela yawo ngaphansi kwesihlalo futhi ube indawo yokukhula kwebhaktheriya.Ngenxa yokuthi, le ndawo enzima yokuvala izihlalo ngaphandle kokuvala indawo yesihlalo kunzima ukuvala i-sanizeller ngokufanele. ukudiliza.
Amavalvu ebhola ayingxenye evamile “yamavalvu ajikelezayo”. Ukuze kusebenze okuzenzakalelayo, izinhlobo ezimbili zama-actuator ziyatholakala: I-pneumatic kanye ne-electric.Ama-actuator omoya asebenzisa i-piston noma i-diaphragm exhunywe kumshini ojikelezayo onjenge-rack kanye nokuhlelwa kwephini ukuze kunikeze i-torque ejikelezayo. kulesi sihloko, bona "Indlela Yokukhetha I-Actuator Yevalvu Yebhola" kamuva kule manuwali.
Amavalvu e-High Purity Ball angahlanzwa futhi apakishwe kuzidingo ze-BPE noma zeSemiconductor (SemaSpec).
Ukuhlanza okuyisisekelo kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isistimu yokuhlanza ye-ultrasonic esebenzisa i-reagent ye-alkaline egunyaziwe yokuhlanza okubandayo nokukhipha amafutha, ngefomula engenazinsalela.
Izingxenye eziqukethe ingcindezi zimakwe ngenombolo yokushisa futhi zihambisana nesitifiketi esifanele sokuhlaziya.Umbiko Wokuhlola I-Mill (MTR) urekhodwa ngosayizi ngamunye nenombolo yokushisa.La madokhumenti ahlanganisa:
Ngezinye izikhathi onjiniyela bezinqubo kudingeka bakhethe phakathi kwamavalvu womoya noma kagesi wezinhlelo zokulawula inqubo.Zombili izinhlobo zama-actuator zinezinzuzo futhi kubalulekile ukuba nedatha etholakalayo ukuze wenze ukukhetha okungcono kakhulu.
Umsebenzi wokuqala ekukhetheni uhlobo lwe-actuator (i-pneumatic noma ugesi) ukunquma umthombo wamandla osebenza kahle kakhulu we-actuator.Amaphuzu abalulekile okufanele acatshangelwe yilawa:
Ama-actuator we-pneumatic asebenzayo kakhulu asebenzisa ukunikezwa komfutho womoya we-40 kuya ku-120 psi (ibha engu-3 kuya ku-8). Ngokuvamile, alinganiselwe ukucindezela kokuhlinzeka kwe-60 kuya ku-80 psi (ibha engu-4 kuya ku-6). Izingcindezi zomoya eziphakeme ngokuvamile kunzima ukuqinisekiswa, kuyilapho ukucindezela komoya okuphansi kudinga ama-piston amakhulu kakhulu noma ama-diaphragm ukuze kukhiqizwe i-torque edingekayo.
Ama-actuator kagesi ngokuvamile asetshenziswa ngamandla angu-110 VAC, kodwa angasetshenziswa nezinhlobonhlobo zamamothoni e-AC nawe-DC, womabili esigaba esisodwa nesesithathu.
izinga lokushisa.Kokubili ama-actuator omoya kanye nawogesi angasetshenziswa phezu kwebanga elibanzi lokushisa.Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lama-actuator womoya ngu-4 kuya ku-1740F (-20 kuya ku-800C), kodwa linganwetshwa libe -40 kuya ku-2500F (-40 kuya ku-1210C) ngezigxivizo ozikhethela, ama-switches. njll.) zisetshenziswa, zingase zilinganiswe izinga lokushisa ngendlela ehlukile kune-actuator, futhi lokhu kufanele kucatshangelwe kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza.Ezimisweni zokushisa eziphansi, izinga lokuhlinzekwa komoya ngokuphathelene nendawo yamazolo kufanele kucatshangelwe.Iphuzu lamazolo izinga lokushisa lapho ukufiphala kwenzeka khona emoyeni.I-Condensation ingaqhwa futhi ivimbe ulayini wokuphakelwa komoya, ukuvimbela i-actuator ukuthi isebenze.
Ama-actuator kagesi anebanga lokushisa eliphakathi -40 kuya ku-1500F (-40 kuya ku-650C).Uma esetshenziswa ngaphandle, i-actuator kagesi kufanele ihlukaniswe nemvelo ukuze kuvinjelwe umswakama ukuthi ungangeni ekusebenzeni kwangaphakathi. futhi ipholise uma ingasebenzi, ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kungabangela indawo ezungezile "ukuphefumula" futhi ifinyeze.Ngakho-ke, wonke ama-actuator kagesi okusetshenziswa ngaphandle kufanele afakwe i-heater.
Ngezinye izikhathi kunzima ukuthethelela ukusetshenziswa kwama-actuator kagesi ezindaweni eziyingozi, kodwa uma umoya ocindezelwe noma ama-actuator omoya engakwazi ukunikeza izici zokusebenza ezidingekayo, ama-activator kagesi anezindlu ezihlukaniswe ngokufanele angasetshenziswa.
I-National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) isungule imihlahlandlela yokwakhiwa nokufakwa kwama-actuator kagesi (kanye nezinye izinto zikagesi) ukuze zisetshenziswe ezindaweni eziyingozi.Imihlahlandlela ye-NEMA VII imi kanje:
VII Ikilasi Lendawo Eyingozi (Igesi Eliqhumayo noma Umhwamuko) Lihlangabezana Nekhodi Kagesi Kazwelonke yezicelo; ihlangabezana nokucaciswa kwe-Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. ukuze isetshenziswe nophethiloli, i-hexane, i-naphtha, i-benzene, i-butane, i-propane, i-acetone, i-Atmospheres ye-benzene, umhwamuko we-lacquer solvent kanye negesi yemvelo.
Cishe bonke abakhiqizi be-actuator kagesi banenketho yenguqulo ethobelayo ye-NEMA VII yomugqa wabo womkhiqizo ojwayelekile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-actuator we-pneumatic ngokwemvelo awakwazi ukuqhuma.Lapho izilawuli zikagesi zisetshenziswa nama-actuator we-pneumatic ezindaweni eziyingozi, ngokuvamile zingabizi kakhulu kunama-actuator kagesi.I-valve yomshayeli esebenza nge-solenoid ingafakwa endaweni engeyona ingozi futhi ifakwe ngamapayipi ku-actuator. ukuphepha okungokwemvelo kwama-actuator womoya ezindaweni eziyingozi kuwenza abe ukukhetha okungokoqobo kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza.
I-Spring returns.Esinye isisekeli sokuphepha esisetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-actuator ama-valve embonini yenqubo inketho yokubuyisela entwasahlobo (ukwehluleka ukuphepha) inketho. Uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kwamandla noma isignali, i-actuator ebuyayo yasentwasahlobo ishayela i-valve endaweni ephephile enqunywe kusengaphambili. Lokhu kuyindlela engokoqobo nengabizi yama-actuator womoya, futhi isizathu esikhulu sokuthi kungani ama-actuator womoya asetshenziswa kabanzi kuyo yonke imboni.
Uma isiphethu singeke sisetshenziswe ngenxa yosayizi we-actuator noma isisindo, noma uma iyunithi elisebenza kabili lifakiwe, ithangi le-accumulator lingafakwa ukugcina umfutho womoya.