Onjiniyela benza “ukwamukelwa” kwethuluzi le-James Webb Space Telescope elimaphakathi ne-infrared e-NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center ngemva kokusuka e-UK.
Ochwepheshe bendiza ye-JPL u-Johnny Melendez (kwesokudla) no-Joe Mora bahlola i-MIRI cryocooler ngaphambi kokuyithumela e-Northrop Grumman e-Redondo Beach, e-California. Lapho, isipholile sinamathiselwe emzimbeni wesibonakude se-Webb.
Le ngxenye yensimbi ye-MIRI, ebonwa e-Appleton Laboratory e-Rutherford, e-UK, iqukethe imitshina ye-infrared.I-cryocooler itholakala kude nomtshina ngoba isebenza ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu.Ishubhu elithwala i-helium ebandayo lixhuma lezi zingxenye ezimbili.
U-MIRI (kwesokunxele) uhlezi phezu kwebhalansi e-Northrop Grumman e-Redondo Beach njengoba onjiniyela belungiselela ukusebenzisa i-crane engaphezulu ukuze bayinamathisele ku-Integrated Scientific Instrument Module (ISIM).I-ISIM iwumgogodla weWebb, amathuluzi amane esayensi agcina isibonakude.
Ngaphambi kokuthi ithuluzi le-MIRI - elinye lamathuluzi amane esayensi endaweni yokubuka - kufanele zipholiswe licishe libe izinga lokushisa elibandayo kakhulu elingafinyelelwa yindaba.
I-James Webb Space Telescope yeNASA, ehlelelwe ukwethulwa ngo-December 24, iyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke yokubuka umkhathi emlandweni, futhi inomsebenzi onzima ngokulinganayo: ukuqoqa ukukhanya kwe-infrared kusuka emagumbini akude omkhathi, okuvumela ososayensi ukuba bahlole ukwakheka nomsuka womkhathi .Umkhathi wethu nendawo yethu kuwo.
Izinto eziningi ze-cosmic - okuhlanganisa izinkanyezi namaplanethi, kanye negesi nothuli okuvela kukho - kukhipha ukukhanya kwe-infrared, ngezinye izikhathi okubizwa ngokuthi i-thermal radiation.Kodwa kunjalo nezinye izinto eziningi ezifudumele, njengama-toaster, abantu, nama-electronics.Lokho kusho ukuthi izinsimbi ezine ze-infrared ze-Webb zingakwazi ukubona ukukhanya kwazo kwe-infrared. 233 degrees Celsius).Kodwa ukuze zisebenze kahle, izitholi ezingaphakathi kwethuluzi le-infrared eliphakathi nendawo, noma i-MIRI, kufanele zibande: ngaphansi kuka-7 Kelvin (kususe ku-448 degrees Fahrenheit, noma khipha u-266 degrees Celsius).
Lokho amadigri ambalwa nje ngaphezu kukaziro ophelele (0 Kelvin) – izinga lokushisa elibanda kunawo wonke ngokombono onokwenzeka, nakuba lingenakufinyeleleka ngokoqobo ngenxa yokuthi limelela ukungabi bikho okuphelele kwanoma yikuphi ukushisa.(Nokho, i-MIRI ayilona ithuluzi lokuthwebula elibanda kunawo wonke elisebenza emkhathini.)
Izinga lokushisa liyisilinganiso sokuthi ama-athomu ahamba ngokushesha kangakanani, futhi ngaphezu kokubona ukukhanya kwawo kwe-infrared, izithungatha zeWebb zingavuswa ukudlidliza kwazo okushisayo. I-MIRI ithola ukukhanya ebangeni lamandla aphansi kunamanye amathuluzi amathathu. Ngenxa yalokho, imitshina yayo izwela kakhulu ukudlidliza okushisayo. Lezi zimpawu ezingafunwa yi-Webb ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-astrombrations ezibizwa ngokuthi i-astronomy ezingafunwa yi-Web. ezama ukuthola.
Ngemva kokwethulwa, i-Webb izosebenzisa i-visor elingana nenkundla yethenisi evikela i-MIRI nezinye izinsimbi ekushiseni kwelanga, okuzivumela ukuthi ziphole kancane. Kusukela ezinsukwini ezingaba ngu-77 ngemva kokwethulwa, i-cryocooler ye-MIRI izothatha izinsuku ezingu-19 ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa kwezithonjana zensimbi libe ngaphansi kuka-7 Kelvin.
“Kulula uma kuqhathaniswa ukupholisa izinto kuze kufike kulelo zinga lokushisa eMhlabeni, ngokuvamile ngokwesayensi noma ezimbonini,” kusho uKonstantin Penanen, uchwepheshe we-cryocooler e-NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory eseNingizimu California., ephethe ithuluzi le-MIRI le-NASA.” Kodwa lezo zinhlelo ezisekelwe eMhlabeni zikhulu kakhulu futhi awasebenzi kahle.Ukuze uthole indawo yokubuka umkhathi, sidinga into epholile ehlangene ngokomzimba, eyonga amandla, futhi kufanele ithembeke kakhulu ngoba asikwazi ukuphuma siyoyilungisa.Ngakho lezi yizinselelo esibhekene nazo., kule ndaba, ngingasho ukuthi ama-MIRI cryocoolers ahamba phambili nakanjani.”
Enye yezinhloso zesayensi ye-Webb ukufunda izici zezinkanyezi zokuqala ezakheka endaweni yonke.Ikhamera ye-infrared eseduze ye-Webb noma ithuluzi le-NIRCam lizokwazi ukubona lezi zinto ezikude kakhulu, futhi i-MIRI izosiza ososayensi baqinisekise ukuthi le mithombo yokukhanya efiphele ingamaqoqo ezinkanyezi zesizukulwane sokuqala, kunezinkanyezi zesizukulwane sesibili ezakheka kamuva emthaleni.
Ngokubheka amafu othuli aminyene kunamathuluzi aseduze kwe-infrared, i-MIRI izodalula izindawo zokuzalwa zezinkanyezi.Izophinde ithole ama-molecule avame ukutholakala Emhlabeni - njengamanzi, i-carbon dioxide ne-methane, kanye nama-molecule wamaminerali angamadwala afana nama-silicates - ezindaweni ezipholile ezizungeze izinkanyezi eziseduze, lapho amaplanethi angase akheke. njengeqhwa.
“Ngokuhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe base-US nowaseYurophu, sithuthukise i-MIRI njengamandla e-Webb, okuzokwenza izazi zezinkanyezi ezivela emhlabeni wonke ziphendule imibuzo emikhulu mayelana nokuthi izinkanyezi, amaplanethi nemithala yakha futhi iguquke kanjani,” kusho uGillian Wright, ohola ithimba lesayensi le-MIRI kanye noMphenyi Oyinhloko WaseYurophu wethuluzi e-UK Astronomical Technology Center (UK Astronomical Technology Center).
I-MIRI cryocooler isebenzisa igesi ye-helium—eyanele ukugcwalisa amabhaluni eqembu angaba yisishiyagalolunye—ukuze ithwale ukushisa kude nezitholi zensimbi.Ama-compressor kagesi amabili ampompa i-helium ngeshubhu elidlulela lapho kukhona khona umtshina.i-helium epholile ibamba ukushisa okweqile ebhulokhini, igcina izinga lokushisa lokusebenza komtshina lingaphansi kwe-7 Kelvin. Igesi eshisayo (kodwa ebandayo) bese ibuyela ku-compressor, lapho ixosha ukushisa okweqile, futhi umjikelezo uqala futhi.Ngokuyisisekelo, uhlelo lufana nalolo olusetshenziswa eziqandisini zasendlini kanye nama-air conditioners.
Amapayipi athwala i-helium enziwe ngensimbi engagqwali efakwe ngegolide futhi angaphansi kwengxenye eyodwa kweshumi ye-intshi (2.5 mm) ububanzi. Anwebeka cishe ngamafidi angu-30 (10 amamitha) ukusuka ku-compressor etholakala endaweni yebhasi lemikhumbi-mkhathi ukuya kumtshina we-MIRI kusici se-optical telescope esitholakala ngemva kwe-observatory's honeycomb ebizwa ngokuthi i-honeycomb ebizwa ngokuthi i-Dhardwable honeycomb, ixhuma i-honeycomb eyinhloko ebizwa ngokuthi i-DHardwable. ikhiqiwe ukuze yethulwe, i-DTA iyacindezelwa, kancane njengepiston, ukusiza ukufaka indawo yokuhlola egciniwe esivikeloni esingaphezulu kwerokhethi.Uma ususendaweni, umbhoshongo uzonwebeka ukuze uhlukanise ibhasi lendiza-mkhathi yezinga lokushisa legumbi kumathuluzi ebonakude okukhanya okupholile futhi uvumele umthunzi welanga nesibonakude ukuthi kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele.
Lesi sithombe esinyakazayo sibonisa ukukhishwa okufanelekile kwamahora okuthunyelwa kwe-James Webb Space Telescope kanye nezinsuku ngemva kokuqaliswa.Ukwandiswa komhlangano wombhoshongo osetshenziswayo ophakathi kuzokwandisa ibanga phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili ze-MIRI.Axhunywe ngamashubhu e-helical ane-helium epholile.
Kodwa inqubo yokwelula idinga ukuthi ithubhu ye-helium inwetshwe ngokuhlanganiswa kombhoshongo onwebekayo.Ngakho ishubhu ligoqa njengesiphethu, yingakho onjiniyela be-MIRI baqambe le ngxenye yeshubhu "Slinky".
"Kunezinselelo ezithile ekusebenzeni ohlelweni oluhlanganisa izifunda eziningi ze-observatory," kusho u-Analyn Schneider, umphathi wohlelo lwe-JPL MIRI.“Lezi zifunda ezehlukene ziholwa izinhlangano noma izikhungo ezahlukene, okuhlanganisa iNorthrop Grumman kanye neGoddard Space Flight Center yase-US NASA, kufanele sikhulume nawo wonke umuntu.Ayikho enye ihadiwe kusibonakude esidinga ukwenza lokho, ngakho-ke kuyinselelo ehlukile ku-MIRI.Impela kube ulayini omude we-MIRI cryocoolers road, futhi sesilungele ukuwubona emkhathini.”
I-James Webb Space Telescope izokwethulwa ngo-2021 njengendawo yokubuka isayensi yomkhathi ephambili emhlabeni.I-Webb izodalula izimfihlakalo zesimiso sonozungezilanga wethu, ibheke emazweni akude azungeze ezinye izinkanyezi, futhi ihlole ukwakheka nemvelaphi engaqondakali yendawo yethu yonke kanye nendawo yethu.I-Webb iwuhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe oluholwa yi-NASA kanye nabalingani bayo i-Space Agency ESA (European Spacedian Agency).
I-MIRI yathuthukiswa ngokubambisana kwe-50-50 phakathi kwe-NASA kanye ne-ESA (European Space Agency).I-JPL ihola umzamo wase-US we-MIRI, futhi i-multinational consortium of European astronomical institutes inikela ku-ESA.UGeorge Rieke wase-University of Arizona ungumholi weqembu lesayensi le-MIRI lase-US.U-Gillian Wright uyinhloko yethimba lezesayensi laseYurophu le-MIRI.
U-Alistair Glasse wase-ATC, e-UK uyi-MIRI Instrument Scientist kanti u-Michael Ressler uyi-US Project Scientist kwa-JPL.Laszlo Tamas wase-UK ATC uphethe i-European Union.Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-MIRI cryocooler kwaholwa futhi kwaphathwa yi-JPL ngokubambisana ne-NASA's Goddard Space Flight Centre eGreenbelt, eMaryland, e-California, e-Revdondo Beach, e-Northro Beach.