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Sibika ubufakazi bokukhushulwa okusebenzayo kwe-seafloor kanye negesi ekhishwayo emakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka ogwini ukusuka ethekwini laseNaples (Italy).Ama-pockmark, izindunduma kanye nemigodi yizici ze-seafloor.Lezi zakhiwo zimelela iziqongo zezakhiwo ezingajulile ze-crustal, okuhlanganisa ama-pagoda, amaphutha kanye nokugoqa okuthinta ukukhuphuka kwe-carbon dioxide nokukhuphuka kwe-carbon dioxide namuhla. ukusabela kokuncibilika kwe-mantle namadwala ane-crustal rocks.Lawa magesi cishe afana nalawo aphakela amasistimu okushisa kwamanzi e-Ischia, Campi Flegre kanye ne-Soma-Vesuvius, okuphakamisa umthombo we-mantle oxutshwe noketshezi lwe-crustal ngezansi kwe-Gulf of Naples.Ukunwetshwa kwe-Subsea nokuqhekeka okubangelwa ukukhushulwa kwegesi kanye nenqubo ye-MPpressurea2 ye-uppressurea2-ukuphakama kwe-uppressurea2. amaphutha, kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi kuwukubonakaliswa kwezinxushunxushu ezingezona zentaba-mlilo ezingase zimemezele ukuqhuma kolwandle kanye/noma ukuqhuma kwamanzi.
Ukukhishwa kwe-Deep-sea hydrothermal (amanzi ashisayo negesi) kuyisici esivamile samagquma amaphakathi nolwandle kanye namaphethelo epuleti aguquguqukayo (kuhlanganise nezingxenye ezingaphansi ze-island arcs), kuyilapho ukuchitheka okubandayo kwama-hydrates egesi (ama-chlatrates) kuvame ukuba yizimpawu zamashalofu asezwekazini kanye ne-passive margins1, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3 ezindaweni ezisogwini kusho imithombo yokushisa (amadamu e-magma) ngaphakathi koqweqwe lwe-continental kanye/noma i-mantle. Lokhu kuphuma kungase kwandulele ukukhuphuka kwe-magma ngokusebenzisa izingqimba ezingaphezulu kakhulu zoqweqwe loMhlaba futhi kufinyelele umvuthwandaba ngokuqhuma nokubekwa kwezintaba zentaba-mlilo6. ukukhishwa kwesisi esiseduze nezindawo ezihlala abantu ezisogwini njengesifunda sentaba-mlilo yaseNaples e-Italy (~1 million izakhamuzi) kubalulekile ekuhloleni izintaba-mlilo ezingaba khona.Ukuqhuma okungashoni.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyilapho izici ze-morphological ezihlobene nokukhishwa kwegesi ye-hydrothermal noma i-hydrate ejulile zaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yezindawo zazo ze-geological kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezihambisana nalezo zimpawu ze-inmorphology. Lake 12, kunamarekhodi ambalwa uma kuqhathaniswa.Lapha, sethula idatha entsha ye-bathymetric, seismic, amanzi, ne-geochemical yendawo engaphansi kwamanzi, eyinkimbinkimbi ye-morphologically kanye nesakhiwo ethintekayo ukukhishwa kwegesi e-Gulf of Naples (eseNingizimu ne-Italy), cishe amakhilomitha angu-5 ukusuka echwebeni laseNaples.Le datha yaqoqwa phakathi ne-1414 Agasti/V20 SAFE) I-Urania.Sichaza futhi sihumushe izakhiwo ezingaphansi kolwandle nezingaphansi komhlaba lapho kukhishwa khona igesi, siphenya imithombo yoketshezi oluphumayo, sihlonze futhi sibonise izici ezilawula ukukhuphuka kwegesi nokuwohloka okuhlobene, futhi sixoxe ngemithelela yentaba-mlilo.
IGulf of Naples yakha i-Plio-Quaternary western margin, i-NW-SE emide ye-Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW yase-Ischia (cishe ngo-150-1302 AD), i-Campi Flegre crater (cishe ngo-300-1538) kanye ne-Soma-Vesuvius (kusukela ku-1934 ukuya enyakatho) AD) 15, kuyilapho iningizimu inqamula iNhlonhlo ye-Sorrento (Fig. 1a). IGulf of Naples ithintwa amaphutha abalulekile e-NE-SW kanye ne-NW-SE yesibili abalulekile (Fig. 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei kanye ne-Somma-Vesuvius ibonakala ngokubonakaliswa kwe-hydrothermal, i-hydrothermal, i-18, i-18, i-ground deformation, i-18, ukuguqulwa komhlaba isigameko esineziyaluyalu e-Campi Flegrei ngo-1982-1984, ngokuphakanyiswa kwe-1.8 m kanye nezinkulungwane zokuzamazama komhlaba). Ucwaningo lwakamuva19,20 luphakamisa ukuthi kungase kube khona ukuxhumana phakathi kokuguquguquka kwe-Soma-Vesuvius kanye nalokho kwe-Campi Flegre, okungenzeka kuhlotshaniswe ne-'deep' ye-single magma reservoirs the last 6 reservoirs kanye ne-sell-6 ye-Voice. ka-Campi Flegrei kanye ne-18 ka-Somma Vesuvius belawula i-sedimentary system ye-Gulf of Naples. Izinga eliphansi lolwandle endaweni ewumkhawulo wokugcina weqhwa (18 ka) liholele ekuhlehleni kwe-offshore-shallow sedimentary system, kamuva eyagcwaliswa izehlakalo eziphambeneyo phakathi ne-Late Pleistoceedissociation of the Holocene Island. I-Ischia nasogwini lwaseCampi Flegre futhi eduze neNtaba iSoma-Vesuvius (Umfanekiso 1b).
(a) Ukuhlelwa kwe-morphological kanye nesakhiwo seshalofu lezwekazi kanye neGulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48.Amachashazi ayizikhungo ezinkulu zokuqhuma komkhumbi-ngwenya; imigqa ebomvu imele amaphutha amakhulu.(b) I-Bathymetry yase-Bay of Naples enama-fluid vents (amachashazi) atholiwe kanye nemikhondo yemigqa yokuzamazama komhlaba (imigqa emnyama). Imigqa ephuzi iwumzila wemigqa yokuzamazama komhlaba i-L1 kanye ne-L2 ebikwe kuMfanekiso 6.Imingcele ye-Banco della Montagna (imigqa efakwe uphawu lwe-BdM) inophawu lwe-BdM (a,b).Izikwele eziphuzi ziphawula izindawo zamaphrofayela ekholomu yamanzi e-acoustic, futhi amafreyimu e-CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 kanye ne-ROV abikwa ku-Fig. 5.Indilinga ephuzi iphawula indawo yesampula ekhishwa igesi, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kuboniswa kuThebula S1.I-Golden Software (http://www.goldens®ssurdfer .com/product by Surdfer.com/product)
Ngokusekelwe kudatha etholwe ngesikhathi sohambo lwe-SAFE_2014 (August 2014) (bona Izindlela), i-Digital Terrain Model (DTM) entsha yase-Gulf of Naples enokulungiswa okungu-1 m sekwakhiwe. I-DTM ibonisa ukuthi indawo ephansi yolwandle eningizimu yeTheku laseNaples ibonakala ngendawo eyehlela kancane ebheke eningizimu ≤3° ngobubanzi obubheke eningizimu ≤3 (i-slope). 5.3 km isakhiwo esifana nedome, endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Banco della Montagna (BdM).Fig. 1a,b).I-BdM ikhula ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-100 kuya kwayi-170, amamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-20 ngaphezu kwendawo ezungezile yolwandle.I-dome ye-BdM ibonise i-morphology efana nendunduma ngenxa yezindunduma eziyisiyingi ezingama-280 eziyisiyingi (Fig. 2a), ama-cone angama-665, kanye ne-30 mound ama-mound anobude nobude obungu-30. wamamitha angu-22 kanye no-1,800 m, ngokulandelana.Izindunduma [C = 4π(indawo/i-perimeter2)] yehla ngokukhuphuka komjikelezo (Fig. 2b).Izilinganiso ze-Axial zezindunduma zaziphakathi kuka-1 no-6.5, nezindunduma ezinesilinganiso se-axial>2 okubonisa ukushaywa kwe-secondary +15° ngaphezulu, i-N45° ethandwayo Isiteleka se-N105°E kuya ku-N145°E (Fig. 2c). Amakhoni oyedwa noma aqondile akhona endizeni ye-BdM naphezu kwendunduma (Fig. 3a,b).Ukuhlelwa kwe-conical kulandela ukuhlelwa kwezindunduma ezitholakala kuzo.Ama-Pockmark avame ukutholakala endaweni ephansi yolwandle (Fig. 3c) futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezindundumeni.Ukuminyana kwendawo kukhombisa ukuthi i-NESW inciphisa umkhawulo we-alminari. imingcele esenyakatho-mpumalanga naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yedome ye-BdM (Fig. 4a,b); umzila we-NW-SE owandisiwe kancane utholakala endaweni emaphakathi ye-BdM.
(a) Imodeli yezwe ledijithali (usayizi weseli elingu-1 m) wedomu ye-Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) I-perimeter kanye nendingilizi yezindunduma ze-BdM.(c) Isilinganiso se-Axial kanye ne-engeli (mumo) ye-eksisi enkulu ye-ellipse elingana kahle kakhulu ezungeze indunduma.Iphutha elijwayelekile le-Digital 0;04 imodeli ye-Terrain yimodeli engu-0 m.0 04 amaphutha ajwayelekile we-perimeter kanye nendingilizi ngu-4.83 m no-0.01, ngokulandelana, futhi amaphutha ajwayelekile we-axial ratio ne-engeli ngu-0.04 no-3.34°, ngokulandelana.
Imininingwane yamakhoni, ama-crater, izindunduma nemigodi ekhonjiwe esifundeni se-BdM ekhishwe ku-DTM kuMfanekiso 2.
(a) Izigaxa zokuqondisa endaweni ephansi yolwandle; (b) izigaxa nemigodi ezindundumeni ezizacile ze-NW-SE; (c) ama-pockmark endaweni ecwiliswe kancane.
(a) Ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwama-craters atholiwe, imigodi, nokuphuma kwegesi esebenzayo.(b) Ukuminyana kwesikhala kwama-craters nemigodi okubikwe ku-(a) (inombolo/0.2 km2).
Sihlonze ukukhishwa kwegesi engu-37 esifundeni se-BdM kusukela kukholomu yamanzi e-ROV ezithombeni ezizwakalayo kanye nokubhekwa okuqondile kwendawo yaphansi yolwandle etholwe ngesikhathi sohambo lwe-SAFE_2014 ngo-Agasti 2014 (Amanani 4 no-5). Okudidayo kwe-acoustic kwalokhu kukhishwa kubonisa izimo ezinde ziqonde phezulu ezikhuphukayo zisuka olwandle olucishe lube ngu-12 nokusuka olwandle oluyi-7 m (Fig. 5a).Kwezinye izindawo, ukudida kwemisindo kwakha "isitimela" esicishe siqhubeke.Izingqimba zebhamuza eziqashiwe ziyahlukahluka kakhulu: ukusuka kokuqhubekayo, ukugeleza kwebhamuza eliminyene kuya ezintweni ezihlala isikhashana (I-Supplementary Movie 1). Ukuhlolwa kwe-ROV kuvumela ukuqinisekiswa okubonakalayo kokuvela koketshezi olungaphansi kolwandle ngezinye izikhathi futhi kugqamise ama-pock amancane angaphansi kolwandle, ngezinye izikhathi agqamise ama-pock aphansi olwandle. (Fig. 5b) .Kwezinye izimo, iziteshi ze-ROV zivuselela ukukhishwa.I-morphology ye-vent ibonisa ukuvuleka okuyisiyingi phezulu ngaphandle kwe-flare kukholomu yamanzi.I-pH kukholomu yamanzi ngenhla nje kwendawo yokukhipha ibonise ukwehla okuphawulekayo, okubonisa izimo ze-acidic ngaphezulu endaweni (Fig. 5c, d) .Ikakhulukazi, i-pH ngaphezu kwe-Bd4 yokukhishwa kwe-7 m ku-7 m ku-7 ye-Bd4 iyancipha kusuka ku-Bd4 yokukhishwa kwegesi ye-7 kusuka ku-Bd4 ye-7 m ku-7 i-discharge (i-7). m) ukuya ku-7.8 (ekujuleni okungu-75 m) (Fig. 5c), kuyilapho ezinye iziza eGulf of Naples zinenani le-pH phakathi kuka-0 no-160 m esikhaleni sokujula esiphakathi kuka-8.3 ​​no-8.5 (Fig. 5d). Izinguquko eziphawulekayo kuzinga lokushisa kwamanzi olwandle nobusawoti bezingatholakali ngaphandle kwendawo ye-B.M. kwamamitha angu-70, izinga lokushisa lingu-15 °C futhi usawoti ucishe ube ngu-38 PSU (Fig. 5c,d).Izilinganiso ze-pH, izinga lokushisa, nosawoti obonisiwe: a) ukubamba iqhaza koketshezi olune-asidi oluhlobene nenqubo yokukhipha umoya we-BdM kanye b) ukungabikho noma ukukhipha kancane kakhulu uketshezi olushisayo ne-brine.
(a) Iwindi lokutholwa lephrofayili yekholomu yamanzi e-acoustic (i-echometer Simrad EK60). Ibhande eliluhlaza mpo elihambisana nokuvutha kwegesi okutholwe ekukhishweni koketshezi lwe-EM50 (cishe ama-75 m ngaphansi kwezinga lolwandle) etholakala esifundeni se-BdM; amasignali ama-multiplex aphansi naphansi olwandle nawo ayaboniswa (b) aqoqwe ngemoto elawulwa kude endaweni ye-BdM Isithombe esisodwa sibonisa i-crater encane (umbuthano omnyama) ozungezwe intlenga ebomvu ukuya kokuwolintshi.(c,d) Idatha ye-CTD ye-multiparameter probe icutshungulwe kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-SBED-Win32 (Seasave, inguqulo ye-7.23 ipharamitha ye-oxygen, ipharamitha ye-oxygen ekhethiwe, i-pH ye-oxygen ekhethiwe). ikholomu yamanzi ngenhla kokukhipha uketshezi EM50 (iphaneli c) nangaphandle kwephaneli yendawo yokukhipha i-Bdm (d).
Siqoqe amasampula egesi amathathu endaweni yocwaningo phakathi kuka-Agasti 22 no-28, 2014. Lawa masampuli abonise ukuqanjwa okufanayo, okubuswe yi-CO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), kulandele ukugxila okufanelekile kwe-N2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) kanye ne-H20 mmol/mol kanye ne-H2S (0. Ubemuningi kakhulu (<0.052 kanye no-<0.016 mmol/mol, ngokulandelana) (Fig. 1b; Ithebula S1, i-Supplementary Movie 2). Ukugxila okuphezulu ngokuqhathaniswa kwe-O2 ne-Ar nakho kukalwa (kufika ku-3.2 no-0.18 mmol/mol, ngokulandelanayo).Isamba sebanga le-4 mmol/2 kuya ku-0molcarbon iqukethe ama-alkanes e-C2-C4, i-aromatics (ikakhulukazi i-benzene), i-propene ne-sulphur-containing compounds (thiophene).Ivelu engu-40Ar/36Ar ihambisana nomoya (295.5), nakuba isampula ye-EM35 (BdM dome) inenani elingu-304, ebonisa isilinganiso esincane.5 somoya esingaphezu kuka-401Arδδ1 +1.98% vs. Air), kuyilapho amanani e-δ13C-CO2 esukela ku- -0.93 ukuya ku-0.44% kumanani e-V-PDB.R/Ra (ngemuva kokulungiswa kokungcoliswa komoya kusetshenziswa isilinganiso se-4He/20Ne) abephakathi kuka-1.66 no-1.94, okubonisa ukuba khona kwengxenye enkulu ye-hetope ye-hetope ene-hetope eyi-COB enengxenye enkulu I-isotope 22 ezinzile, umthombo wokukhishwa kwegesi ku-BdM ungacaciswa kabanzi.Kumephu ye-CO2 ye-CO2/3He vs δ13C (Fig. 6), ukwakheka kwegesi ye-BdM kuqhathaniswa nalokho kwe-Ischia, Campi Flegrei kanye ne-Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Ukukhiqizwa kwegesi ye-BdM: ukuncibilika okuphuma kumantle okuncibilikisiwe, izinsalela ezicebile eziphilayo, kanye nama-carbonates. Amasampula e-BdM awela emugqeni wokuxuba ovezwe yizintaba-mlilo ezintathu ze-Campania, okungukuthi, ukuxubana phakathi kwamagesi e-mantle (okucatshangwa ukuthi anothiswe kancane ku-carbon dioxide ngokuhlobene ne-MORBs yakudala ye-MORBs ebangelwa ukusabela kwedatha ye-crush). idwala legesi.
Imigqa ye-Hybrid phakathi kokwakheka kwe-mantle namalungu ekugcineni e-limestone ne-organic sediments iyabikwa ukuze iqhathaniswe.Amabhokisi amele izindawo ze-fumarole zase-Ischia, Campi Flegrei kanye ne-Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Isampula ye-BdM isendaweni exubile yentaba-mlilo yase-Campania.I-endmember gas ekhiqizwa i-gas decar ekhiqizwa umthombo oxubile we-mantle decar amaminerali carbonate.
Izigaba zokuzamazama komhlaba i-L1 kanye ne-L2 (Amakhiwane 1b no-7) zibonisa uguquko phakathi kwe-BdM kanye nokulandelana kwe-distal stratigraphic ye-Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) kanye ne-Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) izifunda zentaba-mlilo.I-BdM ibonakala ngokuba khona okukhulu kwe-MS ku-PS 7 (i-MS). phezulu (MS) ikhombisa izibonisi ezihambisanayo zokuphakama okuphakathi ukuya kokumaphakathi kanye nokuqhubeka kwezinhlangothi (Fig. 7b,c).Lolu ungqimba luhlanganisa izinhlayiya zasolwandle ezihudulwa uhlelo lwe-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) futhi luqukethe isihlabathi nobumba23.Isendlalelo se-PS esingaphansi (Fig. 7b–d) sibonakala ngesigaba se-PS esishintshashintshayo sokuma kwengilazi noma i-transparent. izinsalela zakha izindunduma zaphansi kolwandle (Fig. 7d) .Lawa majiyometri afana nediapir abonisa ukungena kwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-PS kumadiphozithi aphezulu e-MS.I-Uplift inesibopho sokwakheka kokugoqa kanye namaphutha athinta ungqimba lwe-MS kanye nezinsalela zanamuhla ze-BdM ze-seafloor (Fig-Stragraphic ngokucacile ku-MS). Ingxenye engu-ENE yesigaba se-L1, kuyilapho iba mhlophe ibheke ku-BdM ngenxa yokuba khona kwesendlalelo esigcwele igesi (GSL) esimbozwe amazinga athile angaphakathi wokulandelana kwe-MS (Fig. 7a).Ama-Gravity cores aqoqwe phezulu kwe-BdM ahambisana nongqimba lwe-seismic obala lubonisa ukuthi ingxenye engaphezulu engu-40 cm iqukethe isihlabathi esisanda kufakwa; )24,25 kanye nezingcezu ze-pumice ezivela ekuqhumeni kokuqhuma kwe-Campi Flegrei ye-“Naples Yellow Tuff” (14.8 ka)26.Isigaba esikhanyelayo songqimba lwe-PS asikwazi ukuchazwa ngezinqubo zokuxuba ezinxushunxushu zodwa, ngoba izendlalelo ezinezinxushunxushu ezihlobene nokudilika komhlaba, ukugeleza kodaka kanye nokugeleza kwe-pyroclasticd kutholakala ngaphandle kwe-Gulf of Naples. opaque21,23,24.Siphetha ngokuthi ama-seismic facies e-BdM PS aqashelwe kanye nokubukeka kwesendlalelo se-PS ye-subsea outcrop (Fig. 7d) kubonisa ukuphakanyiswa kwegesi yemvelo.
(a) Iphrofayili yokuzamazama yethrekhi eyodwa L1 (umkhondo wokuzulazula ku-Fig. 1b) ebonisa i-columar (pagoda) ukuhlelwa kwendawo.I-pagoda iqukethe amadiphozithi esiphithiphithi se-pumice nesihlabathi. Ungqimba olugcwele igesi olukhona ngaphansi kwe-pagoda lususa ukuqhubeka kokwakheka okujulile.-L2) 1b), okugqamisa ukusika nokuguquguquka kwezindunduma ezingaphansi kolwandle, i-marine (MS), ne-pumice sand deposits (PS).(c) Imininingwane yokuguqulwa ku-MS ne-PS ibikwa ngo-(c,d).Kucatshangwa ukuthi isivinini esingu-1580 m/s ku-sediment ephezulu kakhulu, u-100 ms umele cishe u-80 m esikalini.
Izici ze-morphological kanye nesakhiwo se-BdM ziyefana nezinye izinkambu ze-subsea hydrothermal kanye negesi hydrate emhlabeni jikelele2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 futhi zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokunyuswa (ama-vaults nezindunduma) kanye nokukhishwa kwegesi (ama-cones, imigodi kanye nama-coneed and moundated-mounds). ukungakwazi ukungena okulawulwayo (Izibalo 2 kanye no-3).Ukuhlelwa kwendawo yezindunduma, imigodi nezikhala ezisebenzayo kuphakamisa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwazo kulawulwa ngokwengxenye ukuqhekeka komthelela we-NW-SE kanye ne-NE-SW (Fig. 4b) .Lezi yiziteleka ezithandwayo zezinhlelo zamaphutha ezithinta i-Campi Flegrei ne-Somma-Vesuvius indawo ethile elawula indawo yentaba-mlilo ye-GulfIn yangaphambili kanye nesakhiwo se-GulfIn ye-GulfIn yangaphambili. ukukhishwa kwe-hydrothermal kusuka ku-Campi Flegrei crater35. Ngakho-ke siphetha ngokuthi amaphutha kanye nokuphuka e-Gulf of Naples kumelela umzila okhethwayo wokufuduka kwegesi phezulu, isici esabelwe ezinye izinhlelo ze-hydrothermal ezilawulwa ngesakhiwo36,37. Ngokuphawulekayo, izigaxa ze-BdM nemigodi kwakungahlali kuhlotshaniswa nalezi zindunduma (Lezi zindunduma ze-Fic3a). amele ngempela izandulela ekwakhiweni komgodi, njengoba abanye ababhali beye basikisela i-gas hydrate zones32,33.Iziphetho zethu zisekela umbono wokuthi ukuphazanyiswa kwe-dome sediments seafloor akuholeli njalo ekwakhekeni kwemigodi.
Ukukhishwa kwegesi okuqoqiwe okuthathu kubonisa amasiginesha amakhemikhali avamile oketshezi lwe-hydrothermal, ikakhulukazi i-CO2 enokugxila okubalulekile kokunciphisa amagesi (i-H2S, CH4 kanye ne-H2) nama-hydrocarbon alula (ikakhulukazi i-benzene ne-propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 5pherics of Smoss, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 43, 44, 44, 44, 43, 44, 44, 43, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, (ezifana ne-O2), okungalindelekile ukuthi zibe khona ekukhiqizweni okungaphansi kolwandle, kungase kube ngenxa yokungcoliswa komoya oncibilikisiwe emanzini olwandle ahlangana namagesi agcinwe emabhokisini epulasitiki asetshenziselwa ukwenza amasampula, njengoba ama-ROV akhishwa phansi olwandle aye olwandle ukuze avukele. water) iphakamisa ukuthi iningi le-N2 likhiqizwa emithonjeni engaphezu komkhathi, ngokuvumelana nemvelaphi evelele ye-hydrothermal yalawa magesi.Imvelaphi ye-hydrothermal-volcanic yegesi ye-BdM iqinisekiswa yi-CO2 kanye ne-He content kanye namasignesha ayo e-isotopic.I-Carbon isotopes (δ13C-CO2 ukusuka ku-+0.34% kuya ku-CO2% kuya ku-CO2% -0.34% kanye nevelu ye-CO2) I-1.7 × 1010 kuya ku-4.1 × 1010) iphakamisa ukuthi amasampula e-BdM ayingxenye yethrendi exubile yama-fumaroles azungeze amalungu okuphela kwengubo ye-Gulf of Naples kanye ne-decarbonization Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamagesi akhiqizwa ukusabela (Umfanekiso 6). Ngokukhethekile, amasampula egesi e-BdM atholakala endaweni efanayo noketshezi oluxutshwayo kanye noketshezi oluxutshwayo olutholakala endaweni efanayo ne-Fleigre Izintaba-mlilo ze-Somma-Veusivus.Ziqinile kakhulu kune-Ischia fumaroles, eziseduze nokuphela kwengubo.I-Somma-Vesuvius kanye ne-Campi Flegrei zinenani eliphakeme 3He/4He values ​​​​(R/Ra phakathi kuka-2.6 no-2.9) kune-BdM (R/Ra phakathi kuka-1.16 no-1.96; Lokhu kusikisela). ukuqoqwa kwe-radiogenic Wavela emthonjeni ofanayo we-magma owaphakela izintaba-mlilo i-Somma-Vesuvius kanye ne-Campi Flegrei.Ukungabikho kwezingxenye zekhabhoni ephilayo ezibonakalayo ekukhishweni kwe-BdM kusikisela ukuthi i-organic sediments ayibandakanyi enqubweni yokukhipha umoya we-BdM.
Ngokusekelwe kudatha ebikwe ngenhla kanye nemiphumela evela kumamodeli okuhlolwa ezakhiwo ezifana nedome ezihlotshaniswa nezifunda ezinothile ngegesi engaphansi kolwandle, ukucindezela kwegesi ejulile kungase kube nesibopho sokwakheka kwezindawo ze-BdM zesikali sekhilomitha. Ukuze ulinganisele i-Pdef eholela ku-vault ye-BdM, sisebenzise imodeli ye-light-plate mechanics model33,34 futhi siqoqe idatha ye-BdM njenge-assuming, iyishidi le-subcircular lerediyasi elikhulu kunediphozi ye-viscous ekhubazekile ekhubazekile Umthamo omkhulu omile wokufuduka w nogqinsi h we (I-Supplementary Fig. S1).I-Pdef ingumehluko phakathi kokucindezela okuphelele nokucindezela kwe-rock static kanye nokucindezela kwekholomu yamanzi.Ku-BdM, irediyasi icishe ibe ngu-2,500 m, w ingama-20 m iphrofayili, futhi isibalo esikhulu se-semic silinganiselwa ku-10m p. 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 kusukela ebuhlotsheni, lapho u-D ewukuqina okuguquguqukayo; U-D unikezwa ngu-(E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], lapho u-E eyimoduli Yomncane yediphozithi, ν iyisilinganiso sika-Poisson (~0.5)33.Njengoba izakhiwo zemishini zenhlabathi ye-BdM zingenakulinganiswa, sibeka u-E = 140 kPa, okuyivelu enengqondo yesihlabathi esisogwini esingu-4 asicabangeli izinsalela ezingasogwini ezingu-2 ezifana ne-2 ephakeme. Amanani e-E abikwe ezincwadini zamadiphozithi obumba olusansimbi (300 < E <350,000 kPa)33,34 ngoba amadiphozithi e-BDM ahlanganisa ikakhulukazi isihlabathi, hhayi udaka noma ubumba olunodaka24. I-10-2 kuya ku-103 Pa, enamanani aphansi amele i-w/a ephansi kanye/noma yini.Ku-BdM, ukuncipha kokuqina ngenxa yokugcwala kwegesi yendawo yentlenga kanye/noma ukubukeka kokuphuka okwakukhona ngaphambili nakho kungase kube nomthelela ekwehlulekeni nasekukhishweni kwegesi okuwumphumela, okuvumela ukwakheka kwezinhlaka eziphawuliwe zokungenisa umoya ezibonisa izakhiwo zephrofayili eziqoqiwe ze-PS. ama-sediments aphakanyiswa ukusuka ku-GSL, ephushela phezulu i-MS marine sediments, okubangele izindunduma, ukugoqa, amaphutha, kanye nokusikeka kwe-sedimentary (Fig. 7b, c).Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi i-pumice endala engu-14.8 kuya ku-12 ingene kungqimba lwe-MS oluncane ngokusebenzisa i-morphological ye-BM yomphumela wenqubo ebonwayo ingaba izici zokuthutha ze-gas. ukucindezela ngokweqile okudalwe uketshezi oluphumayo olukhiqizwe i-GSL. Njengoba ukukhishwa okusebenzayo kungabonakala kusukela phansi kolwandle kuze kufike ngaphezu kuka-170 m bsl48, sicabangela ukuthi ukucindezela koketshezi okungaphezu kwe-GSL kudlula u-1,700 kPa. ku-BdM25.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezela ngokweqile kwe-GSL kudala uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuphuka (iphutha le-polygonal ku-Fig. 7b) .Ngokuqoqiwe, le morphology, isakhiwo, kanye nokuhlaliswa kwe-stratigraphic, okubizwa ngokuthi "ama-pagoda" angu-49,50, ekuqaleni kwakubangelwa imiphumela yesibili ye-glacial endala kanye ne-3 imiphumela echazwa njenge-3 yokwakheka kwe-glacial, okwamanje i-rising3 formations. i-evaporites50 .Emaphethelweni ezwekazi lase-Campania, izinsalela ezihwamukayo ziyindlala, okungenani ngaphakathi kwamakhilomitha angu-3 aphezulu kakhulu oqweqwe.Ngakho-ke, indlela yokukhula yama-pagoda e-BdM kungenzeka ilawuleke ukukhuphuka kwegesi kuma-sediments.Lesi siphetho sisekelwa yi-seismic faciation esobala7 kanye nedatha ye-pagoda. kubika24, lapho isihlabathi sanamuhla siqhuma khona nge-'Pomici Principali'25 kanye 'Ne-Naples Yellow Tuff'26 Campi Flegrei. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadiphozithi e-PS ahlasele futhi akhubaza ungqimba oluphezulu lwe-MS (Fig. 7d). Lokhu kuhlelwa kwesakhiwo kusikisela ukuthi i-pagoda imele amapayipi amabili avukelayo, ukwakheka kwephayiphi eliyinhloko hhayi nje i-Thuvern. i-pagoda: a) ukuminyana kwentlenga ethambile kuncipha njengoba igesi ingena isuka ngezansi; b) ingxube ye-gas-sediment iyakhuphuka, okuwukugoqeka okubonwayo, okunephutha kanye nokuqhekeka Imbangela amadiphozithi e-MS (Umfanekiso 7) .Indlela efanayo yokwakheka iye yahlongozwa ama-pagoda ahlotshaniswa nama-hydrates egesi oLwandle Oluseningizimu ye-Scotia (Antarctica).Ama-pagoda e-BdM avele ngamaqembu ezindaweni ezinamagquma, kanye nokuhamba kwawo okume mpo kwe-70–way00 mTT (ubude besikhathi esiphakathi kwe-TW) (Fig. 7a).Ngenxa yobukhona be-MS undulations kanye nokucabangela i-stratigraphy ye-BdM gravity core, sibheka iminyaka yokwakheka kwezakhiwo ze-pagoda ukuthi ibe ngaphansi cishe kuka-14-12 ka.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwalezi zakhiwo kusasebenza (Fig. 7d) njengoba amanye ama-pagodas ethule futhi ehlaselwe kakhulu 7d).
Ukwehluleka kwe-pagoda ukuwela ulwandle lwanamuhla kubonisa ukuthi (a) ukukhuphuka kwegesi kanye/noma ukupheliswa kwendawo kokuxutshwa kwentlenga yegesi, kanye/noma (b) ukugeleza okungenzeka kwe-lateral kwengxube ye-gas-sediment akuvumeli inqubo yokucindezela okweqile kwendawo.Ngokwenkolelo-mbono ye-diapir52, ukugeleza kwe-diapir kubonisa ukugeleza kwe-negative kwesilinganiso esingaphansi kwesilinganiso esingaphansi kwe-muscle- ukugeleza kwe-lateral kubonisa ibhalansi engaphansi kwesilinganiso esingaphansi kwe-mud i-pagoda iya phezulu.Ukwehliswa kwezinga lokuhlinzeka kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokwanda kokuminyana kwengxube ngenxa yokunyamalala kwegesi.Imiphumela efingqiwe ngenhla kanye nokukhuphuka okulawulwa yi-buoyancy kwe-pagoda kusivumela ukuba silinganisele ubude bekholomu yomoya hg.I-buoyancy inikezwa ngu-ΔP = hgg (ρw) kanye ne-gravi (ρw. kanye no-ρg ukuminyana kwamanzi negesi, ngokulandelana.ΔP iyisamba se-Pdef ebalwe ngaphambili kanye nomfutho we-lithostatic Plith wepuleti lenhlabathi, okungukuthi u-ρsg h, lapho u-ρs kuwukuminyana kwentlenga.Kulokhu, inani lika-hg elidingekayo ukuze kuthuthuke okufunayo linikezwa ngu-hg/wg (wg) ρg)].Ku-BdM, simisa i-Pdef = 0.3 Pa kanye no-h = 100 m (bona ngenhla), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg ayinaki ngoba ρw ≫ρg.Sithola u-hg = 245 inani elimele ukujula kwe-G 245 m.SL I-MPa, okuyingcindezi engaphezulu edingekayo ukuze kuphulwe indawo engaphansi kolwandle ye-BdM bese kwakhiwe izikhala.
Ukwakhiwa kwegesi ye-BdM kuhambisana nemithombo ye-mantle eguquliwe ngokungezwa koketshezi oluhambisana nokusabela kwe-decarbonization yama-crustal rocks (Fig. 6) .Ukuqondanisa kwe-EW eqinile yezindlu ze-BdM nezintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo ezifana ne-Ischia, i-Campi Flegre, ne-Soma-Vesuvius, kanye nokwakheka okungezansi okuphumayo, kusikisela ukubunjwa kwe-naples ephumayo yonke le mishini isifunda sentaba-mlilo sixubile Uketshezi oluningi luyakhula lusuka entshonalanga (Ischia) luye empumalanga (Somma-Vesuivus) (Fig. 1b kanye no-6).
Siphethe ngokuthi e-Bay of Naples, amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka echwebeni laseNaples, kunesakhiwo esifana ne-dome esingama-25 km2 ububanzi esithintwa inqubo esebenzayo yokususa umoya futhi sibangelwa ukubekwa kwama-pagoda nezindunduma.Okwamanje, amasiginesha e-BdM asikisela ukuthi isiphithiphithi esingeyona-magmatic53 singase sibangele ukuqubuka kwe-magmatic noma i-embry yasekuqaleni. uketshezi olushisayo.Imisebenzi yokuqapha kufanele isetshenziswe ukuze kuhlaziywe ukuvela kwezinto kanye nokuthola izimpawu ze-geochemical kanye ne-geophysical ezibonisa ukuphazamiseka okungaba khona kwe-magmatic.
Amaphrofayili ekholomu yamanzi e-acoustic (2D) atholwe phakathi nohambo lwe-SAFE_2014 (Agasti 2014) ku-R/V Urania (CNR) yiNational Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC). Ukusampula kwe-acoustic kwenziwa i-echo sounder yesayensi ehlukanisa ibhimu i-Simrad EK60 yayirekhodwa ngesivinini esingama-Acoustic angu-34 kH60. km.Izithombe ze-echosounder eziqoqiwe zasetshenziselwa ukukhomba ukukhishwa koketshezi futhi kuchaze ngokunembile indawo yazo endaweni yokuqoqwa (phakathi kuka-74 no-180 m bsl).Linganisa imingcele ebonakalayo namakhemikhali kukholamu yamanzi usebenzisa ama-multiparameter probes (i-conductivity, izinga lokushisa nokujula, i-CTD).Idatha yaqoqwa kusetshenziswa i-CTD 911 Bird. Isofthiwe ye-SBED-Win32 (Seasave, inguqulo 7.23.2).Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kolwandle kwenziwe kusetshenziswa idivayisi ye-ROV ye-"Pollux III" (GEItaliana) (imoto esetshenziswa ukude) enamakhamera amabili (encazelo ephansi nephezulu).
Ukutholwa kwedatha ye-Multibeam kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isistimu ye-sonar ye-Simrad engu-100 KHz EM710 ye-multibeam (Kongsberg).Isistimu ixhunywe kusistimu yokuma komhlaba ehlukile ukuze kuqinisekiswe amaphutha e-sub-metric ekumiseni kwe-beam.I-acoustic pulse ine-frequency engu-100 KHz, i-pulse yokudubula engu-400am nokuvula amadigri angu-4050 aphelele kanye nokuvula okungu-4050 ekuseni amaphrofayili esivinini somsindo ngesikhathi sangempela phakathi nokutholwa.Idatha yacutshungulwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-PDS2000 (i-Reson-Thales) ngokwezinga le-International Hydrographic Organization (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) ukuze kuzulazule nokulungiswa kwamagagasi.Ukunciphisa umsindo ngenxa yezinga eliphansi le-edi ekhishwa ngephutha kanye ne-bas spice amathuluzi okukhipha i-spiking.Ukutholwa kwesivinini somsindo okuqhubekayo kwenziwa yisiteshi se-keel esiseduze ne-transducer ye-multi-beam futhi sithola futhi sisebenzise amaphrofayili esivinini somsindo wesikhathi sangempela kukholamu yamanzi njalo ngamahora angu-6-8 ukuze kuhlinzekwe isivinini somsindo wesikhathi sangempela sokuqondisa okufanelekile kwe-beam.Yonke idathasethi iqukethe cishe u-440 km2 (0-1200 imodeli yedatha ye-digital esetshenziswa ukuhlinzeka ukujula kwedatha yedatha esetshenziswa ukuhlinzeka). (DTM) ebonakala ngosayizi weseli yegridi engu-1 m. I-DTM yokugcina (Fig. 1a) yenziwe ngedatha yendawo (>0 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle) etholwe ngosayizi weseli yegridi engu-20 m yi-Italian Geo-Military Institute.
Iphrofayili yedatha yokuzamazama komhlaba engamakhilomitha angu-55 yesiteshi esisodwa, eqoqwe ngesikhathi sohambo lolwandle oluphephile ngo-2007 nango-2014, yahlanganisa indawo ecishe ibe amakhilomitha-skwele ayi-113, kokubili ku-R/V Urania.Amaphrofayili eMarisk (isb, iphrofayili ye-seismic ye-L1, Fig.1b. iyunithi yokutholwa iqukethe i-catamaran engu-2.5 m lapho kubekwe khona umthombo nomamukeli.Isiginesha yomthombo iqukethe isiqongo esisodwa esihle esibonakala kububanzi befrikhwensi engu-1-10 kHz futhi evumela ukuxazulula izibonisi ezihlukaniswe ngo-25 cm.Amaphrofayili wokuzamazama komhlaba atholwe kusetshenziswa i-1.4 Kj i-multi-tip source Geoscene software ye-Geostra Uhlelo).Isistimu iqukethe i-catamaran equkethe umthombo ongu-1–6.02 KHz ongena kufika kuma-millisecond angu-400 endaweni ethambile ngaphansi kolwandle, ngokulungiswa okunengqondo okuqondile okungama-cm angu-30. Kokubili imishini ye-Safe ne-Marsik itholwe ngenani lamashothi angu-0.33/isekhondi ne-software ye-Gesuite ye-3 ngokugeleza komsebenzi okulandelayo: ukulungiswa kokunwetshwa, ukuthuliswa kwekholomu yamanzi, ukuhlunga kwe-IIR ye-bandpass engu-2-6 KHz, kanye ne-AGC.
Igesi ephuma ku-fumarole engaphansi kwamanzi yaqoqwa olwandle kusetshenziswa ibhokisi lepulasitiki elifakwe i-diaphragm yenjoloba ohlangothini lwalo olungenhla, labekwa libheke phansi yi-ROV phezu kwe-vent. Uma amabhamuza omoya angena ebhokisini esewathathele indawo amanzi olwandle ngokuphelele, i-ROV ibuyela ekujuleni kwe-1 m, futhi i-diver idlulisela emgodini we-rubber oqoqiwe we-0. Amaflaski engilazi e-mL afakwe ama-stopcocks e-Teflon lapho i-One igcwaliswe ngo-20 mL wesisombululo se-5N NaOH (i-Gegenbach-type flask). Izinhlobo zegesi ye-asidi eyinhloko (CO2 kanye ne-H2S) zincibilika esixazululweni se-alkaline, kuyilapho izinhlobo zegesi encibilikayo ephansi (N2, Ar+O2, CO, H2, He, He, i-Ar, ibhodlela elikhanyayo, i-Ar, i-Ar I-headspace.Amagesi e-Inorganic low solubility ahlaziywa nge-gas chromatography (GC) kusetshenziswa i-Shimadzu 15A efakwe ikholomu yesihluzo esingu-10 m ubude be-5A ye-molecular sieve kanye nomtshina we-thermal conductivity (TCD) 54. I-Argon ne-O2 zihlaziywe kusetshenziswa i-Thermo Focus gas equipped ikholomu ye-chromatograph ende ye-silvella ye-sipilla I-TCD.Methane nama-hydrocarbon alula kwahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-chromatograph yegesi ye-Shimadzu 14A efakwe ikholomu yensimbi engagqwali engamamitha angu-10 ubude epakishwe nge-Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, embozwe ngo-23% SP 1700 kanye nomtshina we-ionization womlilo (i-FID) esetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya uketshezi lwe-CO2). Isixazululo se-0.5 N HCl (i-Metrohm Basic Titrino) ne-2) H2S, njengoba, ngemva kokufakwa kwe-oxidation ngo-5 mL H2O2 (33%), nge-ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761). Iphutha lokuhlaziya le-titration, ukuhlaziya kwe-GC ne-IC kungaphansi kuka-5%. I-CO2 (evezwa njenge-δ13C-CO2% kanye ne-V-PDB) yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-Finningan Delta S mass spectrometer55,56. Amazinga asetshenziswa ukulinganisa ukunemba kwangaphandle kwakuyi-Carrara ne-San Vincenzo yemabula (yangaphakathi), i-NBS18 ne-NBS19 (yamazwe ngamazwe), kuyilapho iphutha lokuhlaziya lalingu-±00% nokuphindaphinda.
I-δ15N (echazwa ngokuthi % vs. Air) amanani ​​futhi 40Ar/36Ar anqunywa kusetshenziswa i-Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) ehlanganiswe ne-Finnigan Delta plusXP okuqhubekayo kokugeleza kwe-spectrometer. I-R/Ra, lapho u-R engu-3He/4Yena ekala kusampula futhi u-Ra uyisilinganiso esifanayo emkhathini: 1.39 × 10−6)57 yanqunywa elabhorethri ye-INGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He kanye no-20Ne banqunywa kusetshenziswa i-dual collector mass spectrometer (Helix SFT8 Heights after 5-Analysis). 0.3%.Izikhala ezivamile ze-He ne-Ne zingu-<10-14 kanye no-<10-16 mol, ngokulandelanayo.
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