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Sibika ubufakazi bokukhushulwa okusebenzayo kwe-seafloor kanye negesi ekhishwayo emakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka ogwini ukusuka ethekwini laseNaples (Italy).Izimpawu ze-Pockmark, izindunduma kanye nemigodi ziyizici ze-seafloor.Lezi zakhiwo zimelela iziqongo zezakhiwo ezingajulile ze-crustal, okuhlanganisa ama-pagoda, amaphutha kanye nokugoqa okuthinta ukwehla kolwandle kanye nokukhishwa kwe-carbon dioxide erekhodiwe namuhla. iyancibilika kanye namadwala ama-crustal.Lawa magesi cishe afana nalawo aphakela amasistimu okushisa kwe-hydrothermal e-Ischia, Campi Flegre kanye ne-Soma-Vesuvius, okuphakamisa umthombo we-mantle oxutshwe noketshezi oluyi-crustal ngaphansi kwe-Gulf of Naples.Ukunwetshwa kwe-Subsea nokuqhekeka okubangelwa ukuphakanyiswa kwegesi kanye nenqubo yokucindezela kudinga ukukhuphuka okungaphezulu, ukukhuphuka noma ukukhuphuka kwe-3 kwe-gas-upsups, i-3-upsups ups,2 ukubonakaliswa kweziyaluyalu ezingezona zentaba-mlilo ezingase zimemezele ukuqhuma kwamanzi olwandle kanye/noma ukuqhuma kwamanzi.
Ukukhishwa kwe-Deep-sea hydrothermal (amanzi ashisayo negesi) kuyisici esivamile samagquma amaphakathi nolwandle kanye namaphethelo epuleti aguquguqukayo (kuhlanganise nezingxenye ezingaphansi ze-island arcs), kuyilapho ukuchitheka okubandayo kwama-hydrates egesi (ama-chlatrates) kuvame ukuba yizimpawu zamashalofu asezwekazini kanye nezindawo eziseceleni1, 5,4,4,2,4,2,4,2,3,4,2,3,3,4,3,4,3,4,3,4,3,13). kukhona imithombo yokushisa (ama-magma reservoirs) ngaphakathi koqweqwe lwezwekazi kanye/noma ingubo. Lokhu kuthululwa kungase kwandulele ukukhuphuka kwe-magma ngokusebenzisa izingqimba ezingaphezulu kakhulu zoqweqwe loMhlaba futhi kufinyelele umvuthwandaba ngokuqhuma nokubekwa kwezintaba zentaba-mlilo6.Ngakho-ke, ukuhlonzwa kwe-(a) ugu oluvalayo oluhambisana nokuphuma kolwandle okuhambisana nokuphuma kwe-pophod okuhambisana nogu lolwandle olusebenzayo. izindawo ezifana nesifunda sentaba-mlilo yaseNaples e-Italy (~1 million izakhamuzi) zibalulekile ekuhloleni izintaba-mlilo ezingase zibe khona.Ukuqhuma okungajulile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyilapho izici ze-morphological ezihlobene nokukhishwa kwe-hydrothermal noma i-hydrate gas ejulile zaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ze-geological kanye ne-biological, okuhlukile yizimpawu ze-morphological morphological ezihlotshaniswa nalezo ezimbalwa ezihambisana nalokho. , sethula idatha entsha ye-bathymetric, seismic, ikholomu yamanzi, ne-geochemical yesifunda esingaphansi kwamanzi, esiyinkimbinkimbi ye-morphologically nesakhiwo esithinteke ekukhishweni kwegesi e-Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy), cishe amakhilomitha angu-5 ukusuka echwebeni lase-Naples.Le datha yaqoqwa ngesikhathi se-SAFE_2014 (August 2014) noma i-Rflorani ihumusha futhi ihumusha isakhiwo se-Rfloro noma i-Ufloor crurica i-Rfloor cruise and Ukukhishwa kwegesi kwenzeka, kuphenye imithombo yoketshezi oluphumayo, kuhlonzwe futhi kuveze izici ezilawula ukukhuphuka kwegesi nokuguga okuhlobene, futhi kuxoxwe ngemithelela yentaba-mlilo.
IGulf of Naples yakha i-Plio-Quaternary western margin, i-NW-SE emide Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW yase-Ischia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ci. eningizimu inqamula iNhlonhlo ye-Sorrento (Umfanekiso we-1a).I-Gulf of Naples ithintwa amaphutha abalulekile e-NE-SW kanye nesibili e-NW-SE abalulekile (Fig. 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei kanye ne-Somma-Vesuvius ibonakala ngokubonakaliswa kwe-hydrothermal, ukuguqulwa komhlabathi, kanye ne-flexible ye-Fleig7, i-Fleig7, i-Fleigle18 1982-1984, ngokuphakanyiswa kwamamitha angu-1.8 kanye nezinkulungwane zokuzamazama komhlaba). Ucwaningo lwakamuva19,20 luphakamisa ukuthi kungase kube khona ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-dynamics ye-Soma-Vesuvius kanye neyaseCampi Flegre, okungenzeka ukuthi ihlotshaniswe namadamu 'ajulile' e-single magma. ilawule i-sedimentary system ye-Gulf of Naples. Izinga eliphansi lolwandle endaweni yokugcina eyiqhwa (18 ka) liholele ekuhlehleni kwesimiso senhlabathi esingashoni ngasogwini solwandle, esagcwaliswa izenzakalo eziphambeneyo phakathi ne-Late Pleistocene-Holocene.Ukukhishwa kwegesi ngaphansi kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba kuye kwatholakala eduze nesiqhingi sase-Isgree-Fleint eduze ne-Issogre yase-Mochiint eduze ne-Isseduint Island yase-Mochiint nathi (isib.1b).
(a) Ukuhlelwa kwe-morphological kanye nesakhiwo seshalofu lezwekazi kanye neGulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48.Amachashazi ayizikhungo ezinkulu zokuqhuma komkhumbi-ngwenya;imigqa ebomvu imele amaphutha amakhulu.(b) I-Bathymetry ye-Bay of Naples enama-fluid vents (amachashazi) atholiwe kanye nemikhondo yemigqa yokuzamazama komhlaba (imigqa emnyama). Imigqa ephuzi iwumzila wemigqa yokuzamazama komhlaba i-L1 kanye ne-L2 ebikwe kuMfanekiso 6.Imingcele ye-Banco della Montagna (Imigqa ye-Bdshed by square ye-domes) inophawu oluphuzi oluluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (i-Bdshed-square) i-doda bd). maka izindawo zamaphrofayili ekholomu yamanzi e-acoustic, kanye namafreyimu e-CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 kanye ne-ROV abikwa ku-Fig. 5.Indilinga ephuzi iphawula indawo yesampula ephumayo, futhi ukwakheka kwayo kuboniswa kuThebula S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surferd®1) isebenzisa i-graphics graphics.
Ngokusekelwe kudatha etholwe ngesikhathi sohambo lwe-SAFE_2014 (August 2014) (bona Izindlela), kwakhiwa i-Digital Terrain Model (DTM) entsha ye-Gulf of Naples enokulungiswa okungu-1 m. I-DTM ibonisa ukuthi indawo ephansi yolwandle eningizimu ye-Port of Naples ibonakala ngendawo eyehlela kancane ebheke eningizimu ≤3 km ≤3 ebheke ngaseningizimu nge-slope engu-533 km (i-slope). isakhiwo esifana nedome, endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Banco della Montagna (BdM).Fig.1a,b).I-BdM ikhula ekujuleni okungamamitha ayi-100 kuya kwayi-170, amamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-20 ngaphezu kwendawo ezungezile yolwandle.I-dome ye-BdM ibonise i-morphology efana nendunduma ngenxa yezindunduma eziyisiyingi ezingama-280 eziyisiyingi (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, kanye ne-30 mound of 30 mound kanye no-2m mound ubude kanye ne-2m mound inobude obungu-30m kanye ne-2m. kanye namamitha angu-1,800, ngokulandelana.Isiyingi [C = 4π(indawo/umjikelezo2)] wezindunduma sehlile ngokukhuphuka komjikelezo (Fig. 2b).Izilinganiso ze-Axial zezindunduma zaziphakathi kuka-1 no-6.5, nezindunduma ezinesilinganiso se-axial>2 esibonisa isiteleka esithandwayo se-N45° ku-1 ehlakazekile engu-N5° kanye ne-N45° engaphezulu, i-N45° ehlakazekile + ngaphezulu °E isiteleka (Fig. 2c).Izigaxa ezingazodwa noma eziqondile zikhona endizeni ye-BdM naphezu kwendunduma (Fig. 3a,b).Izinhlelo eziwugwadule zilandela ukuhlelwa kwezindunduma ezitholakala kuzo.Ama-Pockmark avame ukutholakala endaweni eyisicaba yolwandle (Fig. 3c) futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezindundumeni.Ukuminyana kwendawo kubonisa ukuthi i-NESW ihlukanisa i-cone kanye ne-allimia esenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-allimia eseningizimu-ntshonalanga. imingcele yedome ye-BdM (Fig. 4a,b);umzila we-NW-SE owandisiwe kancane utholakala endaweni emaphakathi ye-BdM.
(a) Imodeli yezwe ledijithali (usayizi weseli elingu-1 m) wedomu ye-Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) I-perimeter kanye nendingilizi yezindunduma ze-BdM.(c) Isilinganiso se-Axial kanye ne-engeli (mumo) ye-eksisi enkulu ye-ellipse elingana kahle kakhulu ezungeze indunduma.Iphutha elijwayelekile le-Digital 0;04 imodeli ye-Terrain yimodeli engu-0 m.0 04amaphutha ajwayelekile we-perimeter kanye nendingilizi ngu-4.83 m no-0.01, ngokulandelana, futhi amaphutha ajwayelekile we-axial ratio ne-engeli ngu-0.04 no-3.34°, ngokulandelana.
Imininingwane yamakhoni, ama-crater, izindunduma nemigodi ekhonjiwe esifundeni se-BdM ekhishwe ku-DTM kuMfanekiso 2.
(a) Izigaxa zokuqondisa endaweni ephansi yolwandle;(b) izigaxa nemigodi ezindundumeni ezizacile ze-NW-SE;(c) ama-pockmark endaweni ecwiliswe kancane.
(a) Ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwama-craters atholiwe, imigodi, nokuphuma kwegesi esebenzayo.(b) Ukuminyana kwesikhala kwama-craters nemigodi okubikwe ku-(a) (inombolo/0.2 km2).
Sihlonze ukukhishwa kwegesi engu-37 esifundeni se-BdM kusukela kukholomu yamanzi e-ROV ezithombeni ezizwakalayo kanye nokubhekwa okuqondile kwendawo yaphansi yolwandle etholwe ngesikhathi sohambo lwe-SAFE_2014 ngo-Agasti 2014 (Amanani 4 kanye no-5). Okudidayo kwe-acoustic kwalokhu kukhishwa kubonisa izimo ezinde zibheke phezulu ezikhuphukayo zisuka olwandle oluyi-02m ukusuka olwandle olucishe lube ngu-12. Kwezinye izindawo, okudidayo kwe-acoustic kwakha “isitimela” cishe esiqhubekayo.Amapayipi ebhamuza abonwa ahluka kakhulu: ukusuka kokuqhubekayo, ukugeleza kwebhamuza eliminyene kuya ezintweni zesikhashana esifushane (I-Supplementary Movie 1).Ukuhlolwa kwe-ROV kuvumela ukuqinisekiswa okubonakalayo kokuvela kwamapayipi oketshezi olwandle futhi kugqamisa ama-pockmark amancane endaweni engaphansi kolwandle, i-ROV ngezinye izikhathi engaphansi kolwandle.5V. amashaneli avuselela ukukhishwa kwegesi.I-morphology ye-vent ibonisa ukuvuleka okuyindilinga phezulu okungenayo i-flare kukholamu yamanzi.I-pH kukholomu yamanzi ngenhla nje kwendawo yokukhipha ibonise ukwehla okuphawulekayo, okubonisa izimo ezine-acidic eyengeziwe endaweni (Fig.5c,d).Ikakhulukazi, i-pH engaphezu kokukhipha igesi ye-BdM ekujuleni okungama-75 yehla isuka ku-8.4 (ekujuleni okungu-70 m) yaya ku-7.8 (ekujuleni okungu-75 m) (Fig. 5c), kuyilapho ezinye izingosi e-Gulf of Naples zinenani le-pH phakathi kuka-0 no-160 m ku-.5nt. izinga lokushisa lamanzi nobusawoti bebungekho ezindaweni ezimbili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwendawo ye-BdM yaseGulf of Naples. Ekujuleni okungama-70 m, izinga lokushisa lingu-15 °C futhi ubusawoti buba ngu-38 PSU (Fig. 5c,d). Izilinganiso ze-pH, izinga lokushisa, nosawoti zibonisiwe: a) ukungabikhona okuhambisana nokuphuma kwe-acidic kancane noma inqubo ye-B ephansi kakhulu) uketshezi olushisayo kanye ne-brine.
(a) Iwindi lokutholwa lephrofayili yekholomu yamanzi e-acoustic (i-echometer Simrad EK60). Ibhande eliluhlaza mpo elihambisana nokuvutha kwegesi okutholwe ekukhishweni koketshezi lwe-EM50 (cishe ama-75 m ngaphansi kwezinga lolwandle) etholakala esifundeni se-BdM;amasignali amaningi e-multiplex aphansi naphansi olwandle nawo ayaboniswa (b) aqoqwe ngemoto elawulwa kude endaweni ye-BdM Isithombe esisodwa sibonisa i-crater encane (indingilizi emnyama) ezungezwe intlenga ebomvu kuya kokusawolintshi.(c,d) Idatha ye-Multiparameter probe ye-CTD icutshungulwe kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-SBED-Win32 (Seasave, inguqulo yamanzi inguqulo 7.23 ikholomu ye-oxygen ekhethiwe, ikholomu ye-oksijini ye-pH ekhethiwe) kanye nepharamitha ye-oxygen ekhethiwe. uketshezi oluphumayo EM50 (iphaneli c) nangaphandle kwephaneli yendawo yokukhipha i-Bdm (d).
Siqoqe amasampula egesi amathathu endaweni yocwaningo phakathi kuka-Agasti 22 no-28, 2014. Lawa masampuli abonise ukuqanjwa okufanayo, okubuswe yi-CO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), kulandele ukugxilisa okufanelekile kwe-N2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) kanye ne-H2S Helena ku-0. i-ndant (<0.052 kanye no-<0.016 mmol/mol, ngokulandelana) (Umdwebo 1b; Ithebula S1, i-Supplementary Movie 2).Ukugxila okuphezulu ngokuqhathaniswa kwe-O2 ne-Ar nakho kukalwe (kufika ku-3.2 no-0.18 mmol/mol, ngokulandelanayo).Isamba se-hydrocarboni esikhanyayo sisukela ku-0.3 kuya ku-0 mmol s, i-aromatics (ikakhulukazi i-benzene), i-propene ne-sulphur-containing compounds (thiophene).Ivelu engu-40Ar/36Ar ihambisana nomoya (295.5), nakuba isampula ye-EM35 (BdM dome) inenani elingu-304, ebonisa ukweqisa kancane okungu-40Ar.Isilinganiso sika-δ15Nup somoya sasingaphezulu kuka-δ15Nup kuya ku-Air δ19% (δ15Nup). Amanani e-CO2 asukela ku--0.93 ukuya ku-0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra (ngemuva kokulungiswa kokungcoliswa komoya kusetshenziswa isilinganiso se-4He/20Ne) ayephakathi kuka-1.66 no-1.94, okubonisa ukuba khona kwengxenye enkulu yesigqoko He. kucacisiwe.Kumephu ye-CO2 ye-CO2/3He uma iqhathaniswa no-δ13C (I-Fig.6), ukwakheka kwegesi ye-BdM kuqhathaniswa nalokho kwe-Ischia, i-Campi Flegrei kanye ne-Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles.Umfanekiso wesi-6 uphinde ubike imigqa yokuxuba ithiyori phakathi kwemithombo emithathu ehlukene ye-carbon engase ihileleke ekukhiqizweni kwegesi ye-BdM: ukuncibilika kwe-mantle-derived, i-organic-rich rich sediments, kanye ne-organic-rich rich sediments the Bdcted the mixing the organic samples falling the carbonates falling the carbonates falling line. es, okuwukuthi, ukuxuba phakathi kwamagesi e-mantle (okucatshangwa ukuthi anothiswe kancane ku-carbon dioxide ngokuhlobene nama-MORB akudala ngenjongo yokufaka idatha) kanye nokusabela okubangelwa ukuchithwa kwe-crustal Itshe legesi eliwumphumela.
Imigqa ye-Hybrid phakathi kokwakheka kwengubo kanye namalungu ekugcineni e-limestone ne-organic sediments iyabikwa ukuze iqhathaniswe.Amabhokisi amele izindawo ze-fumarole zase-Ischia, Campi Flegrei kanye ne-Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Isampula ye-BdM isendaweni exubile yentaba-mlilo yaseCampania. .
Izigaba zokuzamazama komhlaba i-L1 kanye ne-L2 (Amakhiwane 1b no-7) zibonisa uguquko phakathi kwe-BdM kanye nokulandelana kwe-distal stratigraphic ye-Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) kanye ne-Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) izifunda zentaba-mlilo.I-BdM ibonakala ngokuba khona kwe-MS ephezulu (i-MS) ephezulu (i-MS) ukwakheka kwe-MS okubili ibonisa izibonisi ezihambisanayo zokuphakama okuphakathi ukuya kokumaphakathi kanye nokuqhubeka kwezinhlangothi (Umfanekiso 7b, c).Lolu ungqimba luhlanganisa izinhlayiya zasolwandle ezihudulwa uhlelo lwe-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) futhi luqukethe isihlabathi nobumba23.Ungqimba lwe-PS olungaphansi (Fig. 7b–d) lubonakala ngesiphithiphithi esinezingqimba zamakholomu aphansi noma amise okwehora lengxenye ye-PS evundlile. s (Fig. 7d).Lawa majiyometri afana nediapir abonisa ukungena kwezinto ezibonakalayo ze-PS kumadiphozithi aphezulu e-MS.I-Uplift inesibopho sokwakheka kokugoqa kanye namaphutha athinta ungqimba lwe-MS kanye nokudlulela kwezinhlanga zanamuhla ze-BdM seafloor (Fig. 7b–d) ehlanjululwe ngengxenye ye-MSstral emhlophe ye-MSstral egqamile ku-ENEtigraphic egqamile ku-MSstram1 . M ngenxa yokuba khona kongqimba olugcwele igesi (GSL) olumbozwe amaleveli athile angaphakathi okulandelana kwe-MS (Fig.7a).Ama-gravity cores aqoqwe phezulu kwe-BdM ahambisana nongqimba olubonakalayo lokuzamazama komhlaba abonisa ukuthi ingxenye engaphezulu engu-40 cm iqukethe isihlabathi esifakwe kamuva nje kuze kube manje;)24,25 kanye nezingcezu ze-pumice ezivela ekuqhumeni kokuqhuma kwe-Campi Flegrei ye-“Naples Yellow Tuff” (14.8 ka)26.Isigaba esisobala songqimba lwe-PS asikwazi ukuchazwa ngezinqubo zokuxutshwa okuyizinxushunxushu zodwa, ngoba izendlalelo ezinezinxushunxushu ezihlobene nokudilika komhlaba, ukugeleza kodaka kanye nokugeleza kwe-pyroclastic etholakala ngaphandle kwe-Naples ye-Naples ngaphandle kwe-Olf3 24.Siphetha ngokuthi ama-seismic facies e-BdM PS aqashelwe kanye nokubukeka kwesendlalelo se-PS ye-subsea outcrop (Fig. 7d) kubonisa ukuphakanyiswa kwegesi yemvelo.
(a) Iphrofayili yethrekhi eyodwa yokuzamazama komhlaba L1 (umkhondo wokuzulazula kuFig. 1b) ebonisa ikholomu (pagoda) ukuhlelwa kwendawo.I-pagoda iqukethe amadiphozithi esiphithiphithi e-pumice nesihlabathi. Ungqimba olugcwele igesi olukhona ngaphansi kwe-pagoda lususa ukuqhubeka kokwakheka okujulile.-1b) I-figle trap ukusika nokuguquguquka kwezindunduma ezingaphansi kolwandle, i-marine (MS), kanye nediphozi yesihlabathi se-pumice (PS).(c) Imininingwane yokuguquguquka ku-MS ne-PS kubikwa ngo-(c,d).Uma kucatshangwa ukuthi isivinini esingu-1580 m/s endaweni ephakeme kakhulu, i-100 ms imelela cishe ama-80 m esikalini esime mpo.
Izici ze-morphological nesakhiwo ze-BdM ziyefana nezinye izinkambu ze-subsea hydrothermal kanye negesi hydrate emhlabeni jikelele2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 futhi zivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokunyuswa (ama-vaults nezindunduma) kanye nokuphuma kwegesi (ama-cones, imigodi kanye nokulawulwa okuguquguqukayo nokuguquguqukayo). (Izibalo 2 kanye no-3).Ukuhlelwa kwendawo yezindunduma, imigodi kanye nezikhala ezisebenzayo kuphakamisa ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwazo kulawulwa ngokwengxenye ukuqhekeka komthelela we-NW-SE kanye ne-NE-SW (Fig. 4b).Lezi yiziteleka ezikhethwayo zezinhlelo zamaphutha ezithinta i-Campi Flegrei kanye ne-Somma-Vesuvius izindawo zentaba-mlilo kanye nendawo yokulawula i-Gulf of the Gulf of the Gulf of the Naples . Ngakho-ke i-Campi Flegrei crater35. Ngakho-ke siphetha ngokuthi amaphutha nokuphuka eGulf of Naples kumelela umzila okhethwayo wokufuduka kwegesi phezulu, isici esabelwe ezinye izinhlelo ezilawulwa ngokuhlelekile ze-hydrothermal36,37. Ngokuphawulekayo, ama-cones nemigodi ye-BdM kwakungahlali kuhlotshaniswa nezindunduma (Fig.3a,c) .Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi lezi zindunduma azimeleli ngempela izandulela ekwakhekeni kwemigodi, njengoba abanye ababhali beye basikisela ukuthi igas hydrate zones32,33.Iziphetho zethu zisekela umbono wokuthi ukuphazanyiswa kwe-dome seafloor sediments akuholeli njalo ekwakhekeni kwemigodi.
Ukukhishwa kwegesi okuqoqiwe okuthathu kubonisa amasiginesha amakhemikhali avamile oketshezi lwe-hydrothermal, ikakhulukazi i-CO2 enokugxila okubalulekile kokunciphisa amagesi (i-H2S, CH4 ne-H2) nama-hydrocarbon alula (ikakhulukazi i-benzene ne-propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 5pheric aspresent of S1, 42, 42, 43, 43, 43, 43, 42, 42, 42, 43, 42, 43, 43, 42, 43, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 43, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 43, 43, 44, okungalindelekile ukuthi kube khona ekukhishweni kwemikhumbi engaphansi kolwandle, kungase kube ngenxa yokungcoliswa komoya oncibilikisiwe emanzini olwandle ahlangana namagesi agcinwe kumabhokisi epulasitiki asetshenziselwa ukwenza amasampula, njengoba ama-ROV akhishwa phansi olwandle aye olwandle ukuze avukele. Ngokuphambene, amanani avumayo angu-δ15N kanye ne-N2/Ar ephezulu iphakamisa kakhulu ukuthi iphakeme kakhulu kune-N2/Ar yamanzi (afinyelela ku-2) ephakeme kakhulu kunomoya we-N2/08 okhiqizwa kakhulu kuno-ASW 48 -imithombo yomoya, ngokuvumelana nemvelaphi evelele ye-hydrothermal yalawa magesi.Imvelaphi ye-hydrothermal-volcanic yegesi ye-BdM iqinisekiswa yi-CO2 kanye nokuqukethwe nguYe kanye namasignesha ayo e-isotopic.I-Carbon isotopes (δ13C-CO2 kusukela ku- -0.93% kuya ku-+0.4%) kanye nevelu ye-CO2(0×1 × 1 × 1 × 3He . 10) basikisela ukuthi amasampula e-BdM ayingxenye yethrendi exubile yama-fumaroles azungeze amalungu okuphela kwengubo ye-Gulf of Naples kanye ne-decarbonization Ubudlelwano phakathi kwamagesi akhiqizwa ukusabela (Umfanekiso 6). Ngokucacile, amasampula egesi ye-BdM atholakala eduze komkhuba wokuxutshwa cishe endaweni efanayo noketshezi olusuka ku-adjacent Somma-Vecanosias I-Iscrusies eseduze ne-Somma-Vecanosiescrusies kanye ne-Iscrusiess eseduze ne-Somma-Vecanosias. ama-fumaroles, aseduze nokuphela kwengubo.I-Somma-Vesuvius ne-Campi Flegrei banamanani aphezulu angu-3He/4He (R/Ra phakathi kuka-2.6 no-2.9) kune-BdM (R/Ra phakathi kuka-1.66 no-1.96;Ithebula S1).Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukungezwa nokuqoqwa kwe-radiogenic Wavela emthonjeni ofanayo we-magma owaphakela izintaba-mlilo i-Somma-Vesuvius kanye ne-Campi Flegrei.Ukungabikho kwezingxenye ezitholakalayo ze-carbon organic carbon ekukhishweni kwe-BdM kusikisela ukuthi i-organic sediments ayibandakanyi enqubweni yokukhipha umoya we-BdM.
Ngokusekelwe kudatha ebikwe ngenhla kanye nemiphumela evela kumamodeli okuhlolwa ezakhiwo ezifana nedome ezihlotshaniswa nezifunda ezinothile ngegesi engaphansi kolwandle, ukucindezela kwegesi ejulile kungase kube nesibopho sokwakhiwa kwezindlu ze-BdM zesikali samakhilomitha. Ishidi lerediyasi elikhulu kunediphozithi ethambile ye-viscous ekhubazekile Ubukhulu obume mpo bokuhamba w nogqinsi h we (I-Supplementary Fig. S1).I-Pdef ingumehluko phakathi kwengcindezi ephelele kanye nomfutho we-rock static kanye nokucindezela kwekholomu yamanzi.Ku-BdM, irediyasi icishe ibe ngu-2,500 m, w ingama-20 m, futhi umkhawulo wephrofayili ongu-h0 ulinganiselwa ku-6P = 6P iphrofayili elinganiselwa ku-6P ye-seidef kusuka ku-6P. 4 D/a4 kusukela ebuhlotsheni, lapho u-D ewukuqina okuguquguqukayo;I-D inikezwa ngu-(E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], lapho u-E eyimoduli Yomncane yediphozithi, ν iyisilinganiso sika-Poisson (~0.5)33.Njengoba izici zokumakhenikha zenhlabathi ye-BdM zingenakulinganiswa, sibeka u-E = 140 kPa, okuyivelu enengqondo yenani elingu-4 M4 esihlabathini esingaphezu kolwandle, asicabangi ngenhlabathi ewu-4 engaphezulu kwe-BdM. ezifakwe ezincwadini zokubeka ubumba olunodaka (300 < E <350,000 kPa)33,34 ngenxa yokuthi amadiphozithi e-BDM ahlanganisa ikakhulukazi isihlabathi, hhayi udaka noma ubumba olunodaka24.Sithola i-Pdef = 0.3 Pa, ehambisana nezilinganiso zezinqubo zokuphakamisa okuguquguqukayo kolwandle okuguquguqukayo okuguquguqukayo olwandle, ukusuka ku-badesin 0 kuya ku-1, ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-1 kuya ku-24. amanani amele i-w/a ephansi kanye/noma yini.Ku-BdM, ukuncishiswa kokuqina ngenxa yokugcwala kwegesi yasendaweni kwentlenga kanye/noma ukubonakala kokuqhekeka okwakukhona ngaphambili kungase kube nomthelela ekwehlulekeni nasekukhishweni kwegesi okuwumphumela, okuvumela ukwakheka kwezakhiwo zokungena komoya eziqashiwe.Iqoqo eliqoqiwe libonisa amaphrofayili wokuzamazama komhlaba abonisa ukuthi amaphrofayili wokuzamazama komhlaba abonisa ukuthi amaphrofayli ahluka ukusuka phezulu, i-SL ikhuphuka phezulu, i-Fig. i-MS marine sediments, okuholela ezindundumeni, ekugoqekeni, amaphutha, kanye nokusikeka kwe-sedimentary (Fig.7b,c).Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi i-pumice endala engu-14.8 kuya ku-12 ka-ka ingene kungqimba oluncane lwe-MS ngenqubo yokuthutha igesi ekhuphukayo.Izici ze-morphological zesakhiwo se-BdM zingabonwa njengomphumela wokucindezela ngokweqile okudalwe uketshezi oluphumayo olukhiqizwa i-GSL.Ngenxa yokuthi ukukhishwa okusebenzayo kungabonakala kusukela endaweni engaphansi kwe-G 148 ukuya phezulu, sithatha uketshezi olungaphezu kuka-148 m ngaphezu kolwandle. I-s 1,700 kPa.Ukuthuthela phezulu kwamagesi enzikalweni nakho kube nomthelela wokukhuhla okuqukethwe ku-MS, kuchaza ukuba khona kwenhlabathi enesiphithiphithi kuma-gravity cores asampula ku-BdM25.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukucindezela okweqile kwe-GSL kudala uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuphuka (i-polygonative fracture, le-polygonative stracture, i-figlegraphic stracture in Figlegraphic stracture). , okubizwa ngokuthi “ama-pagoda”49,50, ekuqaleni ayebalelwa emiphumeleni yesibili yokwakheka kweqhwa elidala, futhi okwamanje ahunyushwa njengemiphumela yegesi ekhuphukayo31,33 noma ama-evaporites50 .Emaphethelweni ezwekazi laseCampania, izinsalela ezihwamukayo ziyindlala, okungenani ngaphakathi kwendawo ephakeme kakhulu, ukukhula okungaba yi-M goled ngu-3 Km. ukukhuphuka kwegesi ezinhlangeni.Lesi siphetho sisekelwa yi-seismic facies esobala ye-pagoda (Fig.7), kanye nedatha ye-gravity core njengoba kubikwe ngaphambilini24, lapho isihlabathi sanamuhla siqhuma nge-'Pomici Principali'25 kanye 'Ne-Naples Yellow Tuff'26 Campi Flegrei. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amadiphozithi e-PS ahlasele futhi akhubaza ungqimba lwe-MS oluphezulu kakhulu (Fig. 7d).Leli lungiselelo lesakhiwo se-parisigo liphakamisa ukuthi i-tufftural pipes iphakamisa futhi ingameleli ukwakhiwa kwamapayipi amabili kuphela. lawula ukwakheka kwe-pagoda: a) ukuminyana kwentlenga ethambile kuncipha njengoba igesi ingena isuka ngezansi;b) ingxube ye-gas-sediment iyakhuphuka, okuwukugoqeka okubonwayo, okunephutha nokuphuka Isizathu sokufakwa kwe-MS (Umfanekiso 7) .Indlela efanayo yokwakheka iye yahlongozwa ama-pagoda ahlotshaniswa nama-hydrates egesi oLwandle Oluseningizimu ye-Scotia (Antarctica).Ama-pagoda e-BdM avele ngamaqembu ezindaweni ezinamagquma, kanye nohambo lwawo olume mpo olungu-70-100 (i-WT) ephakathi nendawo engu-7000 (i-TT-way) eqondile (i-WT) ehambayo Ngenxa yokuba khona kwe-MS undulations nokucabangela i-stratigraphy ye-BdM gravity core, sibheka iminyaka yokubunjwa kwezakhiwo ze-pagoda ukuthi ibe ngaphansi cishe kuka-14–12 ka.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhula kwalezi zakhiwo kusasebenza (Fig. 7d) njengoba amanye ama-pagodas ehlasele futhi akhubaza i-BdM ye-sand7 overlying (i-Fig.7).
Ukwehluleka kwe-pagoda ukuwela ulwandle lwanamuhla kubonisa ukuthi (a) ukukhuphuka kwegesi kanye/noma ukumiswa kwendawo kokuxutshwa kwentlenga yegesi, kanye/noma (b) ukugeleza okungenzeka kwe-lateral kwengxube ye-gas-sediment akuvumeli inqubo yokucindezela okweqile kwendawo.Ngokwenkolelo-mbono ye-diapir52, ukugeleza kwe-lateral kubonisa ukugeleza kwe-negative kwesilinganiso se-pago esingaphansi kwe-pago ekhuphukayo phakathi kwe-mugo ekhuphukayo kanye nesilinganiso esiphansi se-mugo isigceme.Ukwehliswa kwezinga lokuhlinzeka kungase kuhlotshaniswe nokwenyuka kokuminyana kwengxube ngenxa yokunyamalala kokunikezwa kwegesi.Imiphumela efingqiwe ngenhla kanye nokukhuphuka okulawulwa yi-buoyancy-controlled of the pagoda kusivumela ukuba silinganisele ukuphakama kwekholomu yomoya hg.I-buoyancy inikezwa ngu-ΔP = hgg (ρw – ρvity the deg (29 g) kanye no-grg (29 gr) kanye no-gr (29). kanye negesi, ngokulandelana.ΔP iyisamba se-Pdef ebalwe ngaphambili kanye nengcindezi ye-lithostatic Plith ye-sediment plate, okungukuthi ρsg h, lapho u-ρs kuwukuminyana kwentlenga.Kulokhu, inani lika-hg elidingekayo ukuze buoyancy oyifunayo linikezwa ngu-hg = (Pdef + Plith, Plith) - 3 Plith) - 3 Plith. futhi h = 100 m (bona ngenhla), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg ayinaki ngoba ρw ≫ρg.Sithola hg = 245 m, inani elimelela ukujula kokuphansi kwe-GSL.ΔP edingekayo ukuze kuphuke i-Blod noma i-MPa
Ukwakhiwa kwegesi ye-BdM kuhambisana nemithombo ye-mantle eguquliwe ngokufaka uketshezi oluhambisana nokusabela kwe-decarbonization yamadwala e-crustal (Fig. 6) .Ukuqondanisa kwe-EW eqinile yezindlu ze-BdM nezintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo ezifana ne-Ischia, i-Campi Flegre, ne-Soma-Vesuvius, kanye nokubunjwa okuphumayo okuphuma ngaphansi, kusikisela ukuthi ama-gases aphuma kuwo wonke ama-gases avela esifundeni sonke se-nases aphuma ku-maple. kuxutshwe Uketshezi oluningi lwe-crustal lusuka entshonalanga (Ischia) luye empumalanga (Somma-Vesuivus) (Amakhiwane 1b no-6).
Siphethe ngokuthi e-Bay of Naples, amakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka echwebeni laseNaples, kunesakhiwo esifana ne-dome esingama-25 km2 ububanzi esithintwa inqubo esebenzayo yokukhipha umoya futhi ebangelwa ukubekwa kwama-pagodas nezindunduma.Okwamanje, amasiginesha e-BdM asikisela ukuthi i-non-magmatic turbulence53 ingase ibangele ukuqubuka kwe-magmatic noma i-embry yasekuqaleni .Imisebenzi yokuqapha kufanele isetshenziswe ukuze kuhlaziywe ukuvela kwezinto kanye nokuthola amasiginali we-geochemical kanye ne-geophysical ebonisa ukuphazamiseka okungaba khona okukhulu.
Amaphrofayili ekholomu yamanzi e-acoustic (2D) atholwe phakathi nohambo lwe-SAFE_2014 (Agasti 2014) ku-R/V Urania (CNR) yi-National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC). Ukusampula kwe-acoustic kwenziwa i-echo sounder yesayensi ye-beam-splitting Simrad EK60 iqoqwe ngesivinini esingaba ngu-34 kmH echoz. izithombe ze-sounder zisetshenziselwa ukukhomba ukukhishwa koketshezi futhi zichaze ngokunembile indawo yazo endaweni yokuqoqa (phakathi kwe-74 ne-180 m bsl).Linganisa imingcele yomzimba namakhemikhali kukholomu yamanzi usebenzisa ama-multiparameter probes (conductivity, izinga lokushisa nokujula, i-CTD) .Idatha iqoqwe kusetshenziswa i-CTD 911 probe (SeaBird, ED2.2) I-software ye-Electroniced INCA (i-Electroniced INCa) isebenzisa i-software ye-Electroniced 2. 23.2).Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwendawo engaphansi kolwandle kwenziwe kusetshenziswa idivayisi ye-ROV ye-“Pollux III” (GEItaliana) (imoto esetshenziswa ukude) enamakhamera amabili (anokucaca okuphansi nokuphezulu).
Ukutholwa kwedatha ye-Multibeam kwenziwa kusetshenziswa isistimu ye-sonar ye-Simrad engu-100 KHz EM710 ye-multibeam (Kongsberg). Uhlelo luxhunywe kusistimu yokuma komhlaba ehlukile ukuze kuqinisekiswe amaphutha e-sub-metric ekumiseni kwe-beam.I-acoustic pulse ine-frequency engu-100 KHz, ipulse yokudubula engu-400am yokuvula amadigri angu-1050 kanye nephrofayili ye-velosure engu-1050 yonke. s ngesikhathi sangempela phakathi nokutholwa.Idatha yacutshungulwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe ye-PDS2000 (i-Reson-Thales) ngokwezinga le-International Hydrographic Organization (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) lokuzulazula nokulungiswa kwamagagasi.Ukunciphisa umsindo ngenxa yamathuluzi enziwe ngephutha kanye nokukhipha umsindo okungekho emthethweni kanye nokukhipha umsindo okuqhubekayo. ukutholwa kwenziwa yisiteshi se-keel esiseduze ne-transducer enezinsimbi eziningi futhi sithola futhi sisebenzise amaphrofayili esivinini somsindo wesikhathi sangempela kukholamu yamanzi njalo emahoreni angu-6-8 ukuze kunikezwe isivinini somsindo wesikhathi sangempela sokuqondisa okufanelekile kwe-beam.Yonke idathasethi iqukethe cishe u-440 km2 (0-1200 m ukujula). Idatha yasetshenziswa ukunikeza imodeli yegridi yedijithali ye-TMD ye-reso esezingeni eliphezulu ye-TMD) (Fig.1a) yenziwe ngedatha yendawo (>0 m ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle) etholwe ngosayizi weseli yegridi engu-20 m yi-Italian Geo-Military Institute.
Iphrofayili yedatha yedatha yokuzamazama komhlaba engamakhilomitha angu-55 yesiteshi esisodwa, eqoqwe ngesikhathi sohambo lolwandle oluphephile ngo-2007 nango-2014, yahlanganisa indawo ecishe ibe amakhilomitha-skwele ayi-113, womabili ku-R/V Urania.Marisk profiles (isb, L1 seismic profile, Fig. iqukethe i-catamaran engu-2.5 m lapho kubekwe khona umthombo nomamukeli.Isiginesha yomthombo iqukethe isiqongo esisodwa esihle esibonakala kububanzi befrikhwensi engu-1-10 kHz futhi ivumela ukuxazulula izibonisi ezihlukaniswe ngo-25 cm.Amaphrofayili e-seismic aphephile atholwe kusetshenziswa i-1.4 Kj multi-tip ye-multi-tip Geospark Geoists system sourced interfaced System ye-Surtems ye-System cameconsitammas interfaced. equkethe umthombo we-1–6.02 KHz ongena kufika kuma-millisecond angu-400 endaweni ethambile ngaphansi komhlaba, ngokulungiswa okuqondile okuqondile okungu-30 cm. Kokubili imishini ye-Safe ne-Marsik itholwe ngenani lamashothi angu-0.33/isekhondi ngesivinini somkhumbi <3 Kn. Idatha yacutshungulwa kusetshenziswa ikholomu ye-Geosuite, i-geosuite ilungile futhi yahanjiswa kusetshenziswa ikholomu yokugeleza kwamanzi elandelayo: 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR ukuhlunga, kanye AGC.
Igesi ephuma ku-fumarole engaphansi kwamanzi yaqoqwa phansi olwandle kusetshenziswa ibhokisi lepulasitiki elifakwe i-diaphragm yenjoloba ohlangothini lwalo olungenhla, labekwa libheke phansi yi-ROV phezu kwe-vent. Uma amabhamuza omoya angena ebhokisini esewathathele indawo amanzi olwandle ngokuphelele, i-ROV ibuyela ekujuleni kwe-1 m, futhi i-diver idlulisela ingilazi ye-rubber eqoqiwe engu-0. s ifakwe Teflon stopcocks lapho One wagcwala 20 mL of 5N NaOH solution (Gegenbach-type flask).Izinhlobo main acid gas (CO2 kanye H2S) zincibilika ku isixazululo alkaline, kuyilapho ongaphakeme solubility gas izinhlobo (N2, Ar+O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, hydrospace inhlabamkhosi gasInorganic gas yi-analgas egcinwe yi-analcarbon solubility ephansi kanye ne-sampling yebhodlela le-sampling egciniwe ye-alkaline). i-lyzed by gas chromatography (GC) kusetshenziswa i-Shimadzu 15A efakwe ikholomu yesihluzo esingu-10 m ubude be-molecular 5A kanye nomtshina we-thermal conductivity (TCD) 54.I-Argon ne-O2 yahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-Thermo Focus gas chromatograph efakwe ikholomu ye-Thd hydrocarbon ye-cell kanye nekholomu ye-analgesic ye-TCD kanye ne-TCD ende. I-chromatograph yegesi ye-Shimadzu 14A efakwe ikholomu yensimbi engagqwali engamamitha angu-10 ubude epakishwe nge-Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, ehuqwe ngo-23% SP 1700 kanye nomtshina we-ionization yomlilo (FID).Isigaba soketshezi sasetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-1) CO2, njenge-. njengoba, ngemva kokufakwa kwe-oxidation nge-5 mL H2O2 (33%), nge-ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761). Iphutha lokuhlaziya le-titration, ukuhlaziya kwe-GC ne-IC kungaphansi kuka-5%.Ngemva kokukhipha okujwayelekile nezinqubo zokuhlanzwa kwezingxube zegesi, i-13C/12C kusetshenziswa i-CO2D 12C kusetshenziswa i-VPD ne-Fixed% 13C CO2 (i-analyzed) i-Delta S mass spectrometer55,56.Amazinga asetshenziswa ukulinganisa ukunemba kwangaphandle kwakuyi-Carrara ne-San Vincenzo marble (yangaphakathi), i-NBS18 kanye ne-NBS19 (yamazwe ngamazwe), kuyilapho iphutha lokuhlaziya nokukhiqizwa kabusha kube ±0.05% kanye ±0.1%, ngokulandelana.
δ15N (echazwa ngokuthi % vs. Air) amanani ​​futhi 40Ar/36Ar anqunywa kusetshenziswa i-Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) ehlanganiswe ne-Finnigan Delta plusXP eqhubekayo yokugeleza kwe-spectrometer. Iphutha lokuhlaziya lithi: δ15N±0.1%, 360 Arto1%, 360 Arto1 isilinganiso se-Arto1 Arto1 Arto1 R R U-R ungu-3He/4Yena ukalwe kusampula futhi u-Ra uyisilinganiso esifanayo emkhathini: 1.39 × 10−6)57 kwanqunywa elabhorethri yase-INGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He kanye no-20Ne banqunywa kusetshenziswa i-dual collector mass spectrometer (Helix SFT-GVI)58 Hes and blank % . Ne kukhona <10-14 kanye <10-16 mol, ngokulandelana.
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