Insimbi engagqwali akunzima ngempela ukusebenza ngayo, kodwa ukuyishisela kudinga ukunakwa ngokucophelela kwemininingwane.Ayikushisi ukushisa njengensimbi epholile noma i-aluminium, futhi ingase ilahlekelwe ukugqwala okuthile uma ufaka ukushisa okukhulu kuyo.Izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zisiza ukugcina ukugqwala kwayo kungagqwali.Isithombe: I-Miller Electric
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali kwenza kube ukukhetha okukhangayo kwezinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi zamashubhu ezibucayi, okuhlanganisa ukudla okuhlanzekile okuphezulu nesiphuzo, imithi, isitsha sokucindezela, kanye nezicelo ze-petrochemical.Nokho, le nto ayikushisi ukushisa njengensimbi ethambile noma i-aluminium, futhi i-welding engalungile inganciphisa ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala.Ukufaka okokufaka okungalungile kokugcwalisa ukushisa okubili futhi usebenzisa okokufaka okungalungile kokugcwalisa ukushisa okubili.
Ukulandela ezinye izinqubo ezingcono kakhulu zokushisela insimbi engagqwali kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni imiphumela futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi insimbi igcina ukumelana nokugqwala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokushisela kungaletha izinzuzo zokukhiqiza ngaphandle kokuyekethisa ikhwalithi.
Ekushiseleni insimbi engagqwali, ukukhetha kwensimbi yokugcwalisa kubalulekile ekulawuleni okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni.Izinsimbi zokugcwalisa ezisetshenziselwa ukushisela amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali kufanele zithuthukise ukusebenza kwe-weld futhi zihlangabezane nezidingo zohlelo lokusebenza.
Bheka izinsimbi zokugcwalisa ezinegama elithi “L”, njenge-ER308L, njengoba zinikeza inani eliphansi lekhabhoni eliphakeme elisiza ukugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwama-alloys ensimbi engenakhabhoni ephansi. Ukushisela insimbi ephansi ye-carbon base enezinsimbi ezijwayelekile zokugcwalisa kukhulisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kwelunga elishiselwe, okwandisa ingozi yokugqwala. Gwema izinsimbi zokugcwalisa ezimakwe ngezinga lokushisa eliphakeme le-carbon futhi lezi zinsimbi ezidizayinelwe zinikeza amandla aphezulu okushisa okunekhabhoni .
Uma ushisela insimbi engagqwali, kubalulekile futhi ukukhetha insimbi yokugcwalisa enamazinga aphansi okulandela umkhondo (owaziwa nangokuthi ukungcola) kwezakhi.Lezi yizici ezisele ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinsimbi zokugcwalisa, okuhlanganisa i-antimony, i-arsenic, i-phosphorus nesulfure.Zingathinta kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto ezibonakalayo.
Njengoba insimbi engagqwali izwela kakhulu ekufakweni kokushisa, ukulungiswa ngokuhlanganyela kanye nokuhlanganisa okufanele kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukushisa ukuze kugcinwe izinto ezibonakalayo. Ngenxa yezikhala phakathi kwezingxenye noma ukulingana okungalingani, ithoshi kufanele lihlale endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside futhi kudingeka insimbi yokugcwalisa eyengeziwe ukuze kugcwaliswe lezo zikhala. Lokhu kungabangela ukushisa kukhuphuke endaweni ethintekile, okungashisa ingxenye. insimbi encane eseduze nokuphelela ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukuhlanzeka kwalesi sici nakho kubaluleke kakhulu.Izilinganiso ezincane kakhulu zokungcola noma ukungcola emalungeni ashiselwe kungabangela ukukhubazeka okunciphisa amandla nokumelana nokugqwala komkhiqizo wokugcina.Ukuhlanza i-substrate ngaphambi kokushisela, sebenzisa ibhulashi elikhethekile lensimbi engagqwali elingakaze lisetshenziswe ku-carbon steel noma i-aluminium.
Ensimbini engagqwali, ukuzwela kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokulahlekelwa ukumelana nokugqwala.Lokhu kungenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa lokushisela nezinga lokupholisa lishintshashintsha kakhulu, lishintsha i-microstructure yezinto.
Lokhu kushiselwa kwe-OD epayipini lensimbi engagqwali, elishiselwe kusetshenziswa i-GMAW kanye ne-regulated metal deposition (RMD) ngaphandle kokubuyisela emuva i-root pass, kufana nokubukeka nekhwalithi yokushisela enziwe nge-GTAW engemuva.
Ingxenye eyinhloko yokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali i-chromium oxide.Kodwa uma okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ekushiseleni kuphezulu kakhulu, i-chromium carbide izokwakhiwa.Lokhu kubopha i-chromium futhi kuvimbele ukwakheka kwe-chromium oxide edingekayo, enikeza insimbi engagqwali ukumelana nokugqwala.Uma ingekho i-corrod oxide eyanele, izakhiwo ze-cord oxide ngeke zibe khona.
Ukuvimbela ukuzwela kwehla ekukhethweni kwensimbi yokugcwalisa kanye nokulawulwa kokufaka ukushisa.Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukukhetha insimbi ephansi ye-carbon filler ye-stainless steel welding.Nokho, i-carbon iyadingeka ngezinye izikhathi ukunikeza amandla ezinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile.Ukulawula ukushisa kubaluleke kakhulu uma izinsimbi zokugcwalisa i-carbon ephansi zingeyona inketho.
Nciphisa isikhathi lapho i-weld kanye nendawo ethinteke ukushisa isala emazingeni okushisa aphakeme-ngokuvamile athathwa njengama-degrees Fahrenheit angu-950 kuya ku-1,500 (ama-500 kuya kwangu-800 degrees Celsius). Uma isikhathi esincane sokusoda esichithwa kulobu bubanzi, kukhiqiza ukushisa okuncane.Hlala uhlola futhi ubheke izinga lokushisa le-interpass enqubweni yokunamathisela yokufaka isicelo.
Enye inketho ukusebenzisa izinsimbi zokugcwalisa eziklanyelwe izingxenye ze-alloying ezifana ne-titanium ne-niobium ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-chromium carbide.Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zingxenye nazo zithinta amandla nokuqina, lezi zinsimbi zokugcwalisa azikwazi ukusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza.
I-gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) ye-root pass iyindlela yendabuko yokushisela ipayipi yensimbi engagqwali.Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga ukubuyisela emuva kwe-argon ukusiza ukuvimbela i-oxidation ngemuva kwe-weld.Nokho, ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo ze-wire welding ku-tubing yensimbi engagqwali kuya ngokuya kuvame.
Lapho kushiswa insimbi engagqwali kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-gas metal arc welding (GMAW), i-argon ne-carbon dioxide, ingxube ye-argon nomoya-mpilo, noma ingxube yamagesi amathathu (i-helium, i-argon, ne-carbon dioxide) kusetshenziswa ngokwesiko. Ngokuvamile, lezi zingxube ziqukethe i-argon noma i-helium futhi ngaphansi kuka-5% ubungozi be-carbon dioxide enconyiwe, njengoba i-carbon dioxide etuswayo ingenisa i-carbon dioxide enconyiwe. MAW ngensimbi engagqwali.
I-Flux-cored wire yensimbi engagqwali iklanyelwe ukusebenza ngengxube evamile engu-75% argon kanye no-25% we-carbon dioxide.I-Flux iqukethe izithako eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ikhabhoni egesini evikelayo ukuthi ingangcolisi i-weld.
Njengoba izinqubo ze-GMAW zithuthukile, zenze kwaba lula ukushiselwa kwamashubhu namapayipi ensimbi engagqwali. Nakuba ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zingase zisadinga izinqubo ze-GTAW, izinqubo zocingo ezithuthukisiwe zinganikeza ikhwalithi efanayo kanye nokukhiqiza okuphezulu ezinhlelweni eziningi zensimbi engagqwali.
Ama-weld we-ID yensimbi engagqwali enziwe nge-GMAW RMD afana ngekhwalithi nokubukeka kokushisela okuhambisanayo kwe-OD.
Ukudlula kwempande kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-GMAW yesifunda esifushane eguquliwe efana ne-Miller's Regulated Metal Deposition (RMD) iqeda ukubuyisela emuva kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-austenitic stainless steel.I-RMD root pass ingalandelwa yi-pulsed GMAW noma i-flux-coreed arc welding fill and cap pass—ushintsho olonga isikhathi nemali uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenzisa amapayipi amakhulu, ikakhulukazi emuva.
I-RMD isebenzisa ngokunembile ukudluliselwa kwensimbi ye-short-circuit metal elawulwa ngokunembile ukuze kukhiqizwe i-arc ezolile, ezinzile kanye ne-weld puddle.Lokhu kunikeza ithuba elincane lezintambo ezibandayo noma ukuntuleka kokuhlanganiswa, i-spatter encane kanye nekhwalithi ephakeme yempande yepayipi.Ukudluliswa kwensimbi okulawulwa ngokunembile futhi kunikeza i-droplet deposition efanayo, okwenza kube lula ukulawula i-weld pool futhi ngakho-ke ukushisa okokufaka kanye nesivinini sokushisela.
Izinqubo ezingajwayelekile zingandisa ukukhiqiza kwe-welding.Uma usebenzisa i-RMD, isivinini se-welding singaba ngu-6 kuya ku-12 in./min.Ngenxa yokuthi inqubo ikhulisa ukukhiqiza ngaphandle kokushisa okungeziwe kwezingxenye, isiza ukugcina izakhiwo nokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali.Ukufakwa kokushisa okuncishisiwe kwenqubo nakho kusiza ukulawula ukuguqulwa kwe-substrate.
Le nqubo ye-pulsed GMAW inikeza ubude be-arc obufushane, ama-arc cones amancane kanye nokufakwa kokushisa okuncane kunokudlulisa okujwayelekile kwe-pulse.Njengoba inqubo ivaliwe-loop, i-arc drift kanye nebanga le-tip-to-workpiece ukuhluka kucishe kuqedwe.Lokhu kunikeza ukulawula kwe-puddle okulula endaweni nangaphandle kwendawo. ucingo olulodwa kanye negesi eyodwa, okuqeda izikhathi zokushintsha kwenqubo.
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