Insimbi engagqwali akunzima ngempela ukusebenza nayo, kodwa ukushisela kwayo kudinga ukunakwa okukhethekile emininingwaneni.Ayikushisi ukushisa njengensimbi epholile noma i-aluminium futhi ingase ilahlekelwe ukugqwala okuthile uma uyishisa kakhulu.Imikhuba emihle isiza ukugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo.Isithombe: I-Miller Electric
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali kwenza kube ukukhetha okukhangayo kwezicelo eziningi zamapayipi ezibucayi, okuhlanganisa ukudla okuhlanzekile okuphezulu nesiphuzo, imithi, isitsha sokucindezela kanye nezimboni ze-petrochemical.Kodwa-ke, le nto ayikuqedi ukushisa njengensimbi ethambile noma i-aluminium, futhi ukushisela okungafanele kunganciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala.Ukusebenzisa ukushisa okukhulu nokusebenzisa i-filler metal engalungile yizigebengu ezimbili.
Ukunamathela kwezinye zezinqubo zokushisela zensimbi engagqwali kungasiza ukuthuthukisa imiphumela nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi kuyagcinwa.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukisa inqubo yokushisela kungakhuphula umkhiqizo ngaphandle kokudela ikhwalithi.
Lapho ushisela insimbi engagqwali, ukukhetha kwensimbi yokugcwalisa kubalulekile ekulawuleni okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni.Izinsimbi zokugcwalisa ezisetshenziselwa ukushisela ipayipi lensimbi engagqwali kumele zithuthukise ukusebenza kwe-welding futhi zilungele isicelo.
Bheka izinsimbi zokugcwalisa igama elithi “L” njenge-ER308L njengoba zihlinzeka ngokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okuphezulu okuphansi okusiza ukugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kuma-alloys ensimbi engagqwali ephansi ye-carbon.Ukushisela insimbi ephansi ye-carbon base enezinsimbi ezijwayelekile zokugcwalisa kukhulisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni yejoyinti le-weld, okwandisa ubungozi bokugqwala.Gwema izinsimbi zokugcwalisa ezimakwe ngokuthi “H” njengoba zinikeza okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephezulu futhi zenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezidinga amandla aphezulu emazingeni okushisa aphakeme.
Lapho ushisela insimbi engagqwali, kubalulekile futhi ukukhetha insimbi yokugcwalisa enamazinga aphansi okulandelela (owaziwa nangokuthi ukungcola) kwezinto.Lezi yizinsalela zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinsimbi zokugcwalisa, okuhlanganisa i-antimony, i-arsenic, i-phosphorus nesibabule.Zingathinta kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto.
Ngenxa yokuthi insimbi engagqwali izwela kakhulu ekufakweni kokushisa, ukulungiswa ngokuhlanganyela kanye nokuhlanganisa okufanele kudlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukushisa ukuze kugcinwe izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo.Izikhala phakathi kwezingxenye noma ukulingana okungalingani kudinga ukuthi ithoshi lihlale endaweni eyodwa isikhathi eside, futhi insimbi yokugcwalisa eyengeziwe iyadingeka ukuze kugcwaliswe lezo zikhala.Lokhu kungabangela ukushisa endaweni ethintekile, okungabangela ukuthi ingxenye ishise kakhulu.Ukungalingani kahle kungenza kube nzima ukuvala igebe futhi uthole ukungena okudingekayo kwe-weld.Qaphela ukufanisa izingxenye nensimbi engagqwali eduze ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ukuhlanzeka kwalokhu kwaziswa nakho kubaluleke kakhulu.Amanani amancane kakhulu okungcola noma ukungcola emalungeni ashiselwe kungabangela ukukhubazeka okunciphisa amandla nokumelana nokugqwala komkhiqizo wokugcina.Ukuhlanza i-substrate ngaphambi kokushisela, sebenzisa ibhulashi lensimbi elikhethekile elingakaze lisetshenziswe ku-carbon steel noma i-aluminium.
Ensimbini engagqwali, ukuzwela kuyimbangela eyinhloko yokulahlekelwa ukumelana nokugqwala.Lokhu kungenzeka uma izinga lokushisa lokushisela nezinga lokupholisa lishintshashintsha kakhulu, okuholela ekushintsheni kwesakhiwo esincane sempahla.
Lokhu kushiselwa ngaphandle epayipini lensimbi engagqwali, elishiselwe nge-GMAW kanye ne-controlled deposition metal (RMD) ngaphandle kwe-root backwash, kuyafana ngokubukeka nekhwalithi nokushisela kwe-GTAW backwash.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali i-chromium oxide.Kodwa uma okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ye-weld kuphezulu kakhulu, i-chromium carbide iyakhiwa.Babopha i-chromium futhi bavimbele ukwakheka kwe-chromium oxide edingekayo, enikeza insimbi engagqwali ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo.Uma ingekho i-chromium oxide eyanele, okokusebenza ngeke kube nezakhiwo ezifiselekayo futhi kuzovela ukugqwala.
Ukuvimbela ukuzwela kwehlela ekukhethweni kwensimbi yokugcwalisa nokulawula okokufaka ukushisa.Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukukhetha insimbi yokugcwalisa enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni ephansi lapho welding insimbi engagqwali.Nokho, ikhabhoni ngezinye izikhathi iyadingeka ukunikeza amandla kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza.Ukulawula izinga lokushisa kubaluleke kakhulu uma izinsimbi zokugcwalisa i-carbon ephansi zingafanelekile.
Nciphisa isikhathi lapho ukushisela nokushisa indawo ethintekile ihlala kumazinga okushisa aphakeme, ngokuvamile angu-950 kuya ku-1500 degrees Fahrenheit (500 kuya ku-800 degrees Celsius).Uma i-solder ichitha isikhathi esincane kulolu hlu, ikhiqiza ukushisa okuncane.Ngaso sonke isikhathi hlola futhi ubheke izinga lokushisa le-interpass ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlanganisa.
Enye inketho ukusebenzisa izinsimbi zokugcwalisa ezinezingxenye ze-alloying ezifana ne-titanium ne-niobium ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-chromium carbide.Ngenxa yokuthi lezi zingxenye nazo zithinta amandla nokuqina, lezi zinsimbi zokugcwalisa azikwazi ukusetshenziswa kuzo zonke izinhlelo zokusebenza.
I-Root weld tungsten arc welding (GTAW) iyindlela yendabuko yokushisela amapayipi ensimbi engagqwali.Lokhu ngokuvamile kudinga i-argon backflush ukuvimbela i-oxidation ngaphansi kwe-weld.Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zokushisela izintambo kumapayipi ensimbi engagqwali sekuvame kakhulu.Kulezi zimo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi amagesi ahlukene okuvikela athinta kanjani ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto.
Lapho ushisela insimbi engagqwali usebenzisa i-gas arc welding (GMAW) ngokwesiko kusetshenziswa i-argon ne-carbon dioxide, ingxube ye-argon nomoya-mpilo, noma ingxube yegesi emithathu (i-helium, i-argon ne-carbon dioxide).Ngokuvamile, lezi zingxube ngokuvamile ziqukethe i-argon noma i-helium futhi i-carbon dioxide engaphansi kuka-5% ngoba i-carbon dioxide ingenisa i-carbon echibini lokushisela futhi yandisa ingozi yokuzwela.I-argon ehlanzekile ayinconywa nge-GMAW kunsimbi engagqwali.
Intambo enezintambo zensimbi engagqwali iklanyelwe ukusebenza ngengxube yendabuko engu-75% we-argon no-25% we-carbon dioxide.I-flux iqukethe izithako eziklanyelwe ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwe-weld yi-carbon kusuka kugesi evikelayo.
Njengoba izinqubo ze-GMAW zithuthuka, zenze kwaba lula ukushisela amashubhu namapayipi ensimbi engagqwali.Nakuba ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zisadinga inqubo ye-GTAW, izinqubo ezithuthukisiwe zokucubungula izintambo zinganikeza ikhwalithi efanayo kanye nokukhiqiza okuphezulu ezinhlelweni eziningi zensimbi engagqwali.
Izinsimbi zensimbi ezingenasici ze-ID ezenziwe nge-GMAW RMD ziyefana ngekhwalithi nokubukeka kokushisela okuhambisanayo kwe-OD.
Ukudlula kwempande kusetshenziswa inqubo ye-GMAW yesekethe emfushane eguquliwe efana ne-Miller's controlled metal deposition (RMD) iqeda ukugeza emuva kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-austenitic stainless steel.Ukudlula kwempande ye-RMD kungalandelwa i-pulsed GMAW noma i-arc ye-flux-coreed arc welding ukuze igcwalise futhi ivale, ushintsho olonga isikhathi nemali uma kuqhathaniswa nokusebenzisa i-GTAW engemuva, ikakhulukazi kumapayipi amakhulu.
I-RMD isebenzisa ukudluliswa kwensimbi yesifunda esifushane okulawulwa ngokunembile ukuze kukhiqizwe i-arc ethule, ezinzile kanye nephuli yokushisela.Lokhu kuphumela emathubeni amancane okungena okubandayo noma okungancibiliki, ukuncipha kwe-spatter, kanye nekhwalithi engcono yokudlula impande yepayipi.Ukudluliswa kwensimbi okulawulwa ngokunembile futhi kuqinisekisa ukufakwa kwamaconsi afanayo kanye nokulawula okulula kwe-weld pool futhi ngaleyo ndlela okokufaka ukushisa kanye nesivinini sokushisela.
Izinqubo okungezona ezendabuko zingathuthukisa ukukhiqiza kokushisela.Uma usebenzisa i-RMD, isivinini sokushisela singasuka ku-6 siye ku-12 in/min.Ngenxa yokuthi inqubo ithuthukisa ukukhiqiza ngaphandle kokushisisa okwengeziwe kwezingxenye, isiza ukugcina izakhiwo nokumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali.Ukunciphisa okokufaka okushisa kwenqubo nakho kusiza ukulawula ukuwohloka kwe-substrate.
Le nqubo ye-GMAW ye-pulsed ihlinzeka ngobude be-arc obufushane, ama-arc cones amancane, nokokufaka okuncane kokushisa kunokudlulisa okujwayelekile kwe-pulsed spray.Njengoba inqubo ivaliwe, i-arc drift kanye nokuguquguquka ebangeni eliphakathi kwethiphu nendawo yokusebenza kuyasuswa.Lokhu kwenza ukuphathwa kwe-weld pool kube lula futhi ngaphandle kokushisela esizeni.Okokugcina, inhlanganisela ye-pulsed GMAW yokugcwalisa kanye ne-top roll nge-RMD ye-root roll ivumela inqubo yokushisela ukuba yenziwe kusetshenziswa ucingo olulodwa kanye negesi eyodwa, ukunciphisa inqubo yokushintsha isikhathi.
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