Sisebenzisa amakhukhi ukuthuthukisa ulwazi lwakho.Ngokuqhubeka nokuphequlula leli sayithi, uyavumelana nokusebenzisa kwethu amakhukhi.Ulwazi Olwengeziwe.
Amasistimu okwelapha isitimu ahlanzekile noma amsulwa ahlanganisa amajeneretha, amavalvu okulawula, amapayipi okusabalalisa noma amapayipi, izicupho ze-thermodynamic noma i-equilibrium thermostatic, amageji omfutho, izinciphisi zengcindezi, amavalvu okuphepha, nama-accumulator volumetric.
Iningi lalezi zingxenye zenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali engu-316 L futhi iqukethe ama-gasket e-fluoropolymer (imvamisa i-polytetrafluoroethylene, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Teflon noma i-PTFE), kanye ne-semi-metal noma ezinye izinto ze-elastomeric.
Lezi zingxenye zisengozini yokugqwala noma ukuwohloka ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, okuthinta ikhwalithi yesisetshenziswa esiqediwe se-Clean Steam (CS).Iphrojekthi eningiliziwe kulesi sihloko ihlole izifanekiso zensimbi engagqwali ezivela ezivivinyweni ezine zesistimu ye-CS, yahlola ubungozi bemithelela engaba khona yokugqwala kunqubo nezinhlelo zobunjiniyela ezibucayi, futhi yahlolelwa ama-particle nezinsimbi ku-condensate.
Amasampula amapayipi agqwalile kanye nezingxenye zesistimu yokusabalalisa abekwe ukuze kuphenywe ngemikhiqizo yokugqwala.9 Esimeni ngasinye esithile, izimo zangaphezulu ezihlukene zahlolwa.Isibonelo, ukufiphala okujwayelekile kanye nemiphumela yokugqwala iye yahlolwa.
Indawo engaphezulu yamasampula ayizethenjwa yahlolelwa ukuba khona kwamadiphozithi aluhlaza kusetshenziswa ukuhlola okubonakalayo, i-Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), i-electron spectroscopy yokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali (ESCA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) kanye ne-X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Lezi zindlela zingadalula izici ezibonakalayo ne-athomu zokugqwala namadiphozithi, futhi zinqume izici ezibalulekile ezithinta izakhiwo zoketshezi lwezobuchwepheshe noma imikhiqizo yokugcina.eyodwa
Imikhiqizo yokugqwala yensimbi engagqwali ingathatha izinhlobo eziningi, njengongqimba lwe-carmine lwe-iron oxide (insundu noma ebomvu) endaweni engezansi noma ngaphezulu kongqimba lwe-iron oxide (emnyama noma empunga)2.Ikhono lokuthuthela phansi komfula.
I-iron oxide layer (i-black blush) ingase ijiye ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba amadiphozithi egqama kakhulu, njengoba kufakazelwa yizinhlayiya noma amadiphozithi abonakala endaweni engaphezulu yegumbi lokuvala inzalo nezinto zokusebenza noma iziqukathi ngemva kokuvalwa komusi, kuba nokufuduka.Ukuhlaziywa kwaselabhorethri kwamasampula e-condensate kubonise isimo esihlakazekile sodaka kanye nenani lezinsimbi ezincibilikayo kuketshezi lwe-CS.ezine
Nakuba kunezizathu eziningi zalesi simo, ijeneretha ye-CS imvamisa iyona enikela kakhulu.Akuvamile ukuthola i-iron oxide ebomvu (ensundu/bomvu) endaweni kanye ne-iron oxide (emnyama/empunga) kuma-vents ethutha kancane ngohlelo lokusabalalisa lwe-CS.6
Uhlelo lokusabalalisa lwe-CS luwukucushwa kwegatsha elinamaphuzu amaningi okusetshenziswa agcina ezindaweni ezikude noma ekugcineni kwesihloko esikhulu nezihlokwana zamagatsha ezihlukahlukene.Isistimu ingase ihlanganise inani labalawuli ukusiza ukuqalisa ukuncipha kwengcindezi/izinga lokushisa ezindaweni ezithile zokusetshenziswa okungenzeka kube izindawo zokugqwala okungenzeka.
Ukugqwala kungase kwenzeke nasezicupheni zokuklama okuhlanzekile ezibekwe ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ohlelweni ukuze kususwe i-condensate nomoya ekugelezeni isitimu esihlanzekile esicupheni, amapayipi angezansi/akhipha amapayipi noma isihloko se-condensate.
Ezimweni eziningi, ukufuduka okubuyela emuva kungenzeka lapho ukugqwala kunqwabelana esicupheni futhi kukhule kukhuphuke kungene nangaphandle kwamapayipi aseduze noma abaqoqi bezindawo zokusetshenziswa;ukugqwala okwakhiwa ezicupheni noma kwezinye izingxenye kungabonakala phezulu komthombo ngokuthuthela njalo phansi nomfula.
Ezinye izingxenye zensimbi engagqwali nazo zibonisa amazinga ahlukahlukene amaphakathi kuya phezulu ezakhiwo ze-metallurgical, kuhlanganise ne-delta ferrite.Amakristalu e-Ferrite kukholakala ukuthi anciphisa ukumelana nokugqwala, nakuba angaba khona kancane nje ngo-1-5%.
I-Ferrite nayo ayimelani nokugqwala njenge-austenitic crystal structure, ngakho-ke izogqwala ngokukhethayo.Ama-Ferrites angatholwa ngokunembile nge-ferrite probe futhi anembe kancane ngozibuthe, kodwa kunemikhawulo ebalulekile.
Kusukela ekusethweni kwesistimu, ngokugunyazwa kokuqala, kanye nokuqaliswa kwejeneretha ye-CS entsha namapayipi okusabalalisa, kunezici ezimbalwa ezibangela ukugqwala:
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izakhi ezonakalisayo ezifana nalezi zingakhiqiza imikhiqizo eqala ukugqwala lapho zihlangana, zihlangana, futhi zinqwabelanisa nezingxube zensimbi nensimbi.Umsizi omnyama uvame ukubonwa kuqala kujeneretha, bese uvela kumapayipi okukhipha i-generator futhi ekugcineni kulo lonke uhlelo lokusabalalisa lwe-CS.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-SEM kwenziwa ukuze kwembule i-microstructure ye-corrosion by-products emboza yonke indawo ngamakristalu nezinye izinhlayiya.Ingemuva noma indawo engaphansi lapho izinhlayiya zitholakala khona ziyahlukahluka kusuka kumabanga ahlukahlukene ensimbi (Fig. 1-3) kuya kumasampula avamile, okuyi-silica/iron, sandy, vitreous, deposits homogeneous (Fig. 4).I-bellows ye-steam trap nayo yahlaziywa (Fig. 5-6).
Ukuhlolwa kwe-AES kuyindlela yokuhlaziya esetshenziselwa ukunquma ikhemistri engaphezulu yensimbi engagqwali kanye nokuhlonza ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo.Iphinde ibonise ukuwohloka kwefilimu ye-passive kanye nokwehla kokugcwala kwe-chromium kufilimu ye-passive njengoba indawo engaphezulu iwohloka ngenxa yokugqwala.
Ukuze kubonakale ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kobuso besampula ngayinye, ukuskena kwe-AES (amaphrofayili okugxilisa ama-elementi angaphezulu kokujula) kwasetshenziswa.
Isayithi ngalinye elisetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-SEM nokwandisa likhethwe ngokucophelela ukuze linikeze ulwazi oluvela ezifundeni ezijwayelekile.Ucwaningo ngalunye lunikeze ulwazi olusuka ezingqimbeni ezimbalwa eziphezulu zamangqamuzana (okulinganiselwa kuma-angstrom angu-10 [Å] ungqimba ngalunye) kuya ekujuleni kwengxubevange yensimbi (200–1000 Å).
Amanani abalulekile e-iron (Fe), i-chromium (Cr), i-nickel (Ni), i-oxygen (O) ne-carbon (C) aqoshiwe kuzo zonke izifunda ze-Rouge.Idatha ye-AES nemiphumela ichazwe esigabeni socwaningo.
Iyonke imiphumela ye-AES yezimo zokuqala ibonisa ukuthi i-oxidation eqinile ivela kumasampula ane-Fe ne-O ephezulu ngokungavamile (ama-iron oxides) kanye nokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-Cr phezulu.Le diphozi ebomvu iphumela ekukhishweni kwezinhlayiya ezingangcolisa umkhiqizo nezindawo ezithinta umkhiqizo.
Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwe-blush, amasampula "adlulisiwe" abonise ukutholakala okuphelele kwefilimu ye-passive, ne-Cr efinyelela amazinga aphezulu okuhlushwa kune-Fe, ene-Cr: Fe surface ratio esukela ku-1.0 kuya ku-2.0 kanye nokungabikho okuphelele kwe-iron oxide.
Izindawo ezihlukene ezimaholoholo zahlaziywa kusetshenziswa i-XPS/ESCA ukuze kuqhathaniswe ukugxilwa kwezakhi kanye nezimo ze-spectral oxidation ze-Fe, Cr, sulphur (S), i-calcium (Ca), i-sodium (Na), i-phosphorus (P), i-nitrogen (N), ne-O. kanye ne-C (ithebula A).
Kunomehluko ocacile kokuqukethwe kwe-Cr kusuka kumanani aseduze nesendlalelo sokudlulisa ukuya kumanani aphansi avame ukutholakala kuma-alloys ayisisekelo.Amazinga e-iron ne-chromium atholakala phezulu amelela ukujiya okuhlukene kanye namazinga ediphozithi e-rouge.Ukuhlolwa kwe-XPS kubonise ukukhuphuka kwe-Na, C noma i-Ca ezindaweni ezimahhadlahhadla uma kuqhathaniswa nezindawo ezihlanziwe nezingaxutshiwe.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-XPS kuphinde kwabonisa amazinga aphezulu ka-C kokubomvu okusansimbi (okumnyama) kanye ne-Fe(x)O(y) (i-iron oxide) ngokubomvu.Idatha ye-XPS ayilona usizo ekuqondeni izinguquko zendawo ngesikhathi sokugqwala ngoba ihlola kokubili insimbi ebomvu nesisekelo sensimbi.Ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kwe-XPS okunamasampula amakhulu kuyadingeka ukuze kuhlolwe kahle imiphumela.
Ababhali bangaphambilini nabo babe nobunzima bokuhlola idatha ye-XPS.10 Ukubhekwa kwendawo ngesikhathi sokususwa kubonise ukuthi okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kuphezulu futhi kuvame ukususwa ngokuhlunga ngesikhathi sokucubungula.Ama-micrographs e-SEM athathwe ngaphambi nangemuva kokwelashwa kokukhipha imibimbi abonisa umonakalo ongaphezulu owenziwe yilawa ma-diphozithi, okuhlanganisa umgodi kanye ne-porosity, okuthinta ngokuqondile ukugqwala.
Imiphumela ye-XPS ngemva kokudlula ibonise ukuthi isilinganiso se-Cr:Fe sokuqukethwe phezulu sasiphezulu kakhulu lapho ifilimu ye-passivation yenziwa kabusha, ngaleyo ndlela yehlisa izinga lokugqwala neminye imiphumela emibi ebusweni.
Amasampula ekhuphoni abonise ukwenyuka okuphawulekayo kwesilinganiso se-Cr:Fe phakathi kwendawo ethi "njengoba injalo" nendawo engashintshiwe.Izilinganiso zokuqala ze-Cr:Fe zihlolwe kububanzi obungu-0.6 kuye ku-1.0, kuyilapho izilinganiso zokungaphumeleli ngemva kokwelashwa zazisukela ku-1.0 kuye ku-2.5.Amanani ensimbi e-electropolished kanye ne-passivated stainless aphakathi kuka-1.5 no-2.5.
Kumasampuli angaphansi kokucubungula ngemva kokucubungula, ukujula okuphezulu kwesilinganiso se-Cr:Fe (okusungulwe kusetshenziswa i-AES) kusuka ku-3 kuya ku-16 Å.Baqhathanisa kahle nedatha evela ezifundweni zangaphambilini ezishicilelwe yi-Coleman2 ne-Roll.9 Indawo yawo wonke amasampula yayinamazinga ajwayelekile ka-Fe, Ni, O, Cr, kanye no-C. Amazinga aphansi ka-P, Cl, S, N, Ca, no-Na nawo atholakala kumasampula amaningi.
Lezi zinsalela zifana nezihlanzi zamakhemikhali, amanzi ahlanzekile, noma i-electropolishing.Lapho kuhlaziywa okwengeziwe, ukungcoliswa okuthile kwe-silicon kwatholakala phezulu nasemazingeni ahlukene e-austenite crystal ngokwayo.Umthombo ubonakala ungokuqukethwe kwe-silica kwamanzi/umusi, ukupholisha kwemishini, noma ingilazi ebonayo encibilikisiwe noma egxilile kuseli yesizukulwane se-CS.
Imikhiqizo yokubola etholakala ezinhlelweni ze-CS kubikwa ukuthi iyahluka kakhulu.Lokhu kungenxa yezimo ezihlukene zalezi zinhlelo kanye nokubekwa kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezifana nama-valve, izicupho nezinye izesekeli ezingaholela ezimweni ezilimazayo kanye nemikhiqizo yokugqwala.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxenye ezishintshayo zivame ukwethulwa ohlelweni olungadluliswanga kahle.Imikhiqizo yokugqwala nayo ithinteka kakhulu ngokuklanywa kwejeneretha ye-CS kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi.Ezinye izinhlobo zamasethi ejeneretha zingama-reboiler kanti ezinye zingama-flash ashubhu.Amajeneretha e-CS ngokuvamile asebenzisa izikrini zokuphela ukuze asuse umswakama kusitimu esihlanzekile, kuyilapho amanye amajeneretha asebenzisa ama-baffles noma ama-cyclone.
Ezinye zikhiqiza i-patina yensimbi ecishe iqine epayipini lokusabalalisa nensimbi ebomvu elimboza.Ibhulokhi exakiwe yenza ifilimu yensimbi emnyama ene-iron oxide blush ngaphansi futhi idale isenzakalo sesibili esiphezulu ngendlela ye-sooty blush okulula ukuyisula ngaphandle.
Njengomthetho, le deposit efana ne-ferruginous-soot-like kakhulu kune-iron-red, futhi ihamba kakhulu.Ngenxa yokwanda kwesimo se-oxidation yensimbi ku-condensate, udaka olukhiqizwe kumzila we-condensate ngaphansi kwepayipi lokusabalalisa lunodaka lwe-iron oxide phezu kodaka lwensimbi.
I-iron oxide blush idlula kumqoqi we-condensate, ibonakale ku-drain, futhi ungqimba olungaphezulu lukhuhla kalula ngaphandle.Izinga lamanzi lidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwamakhemikhali e-blush.
Okuqukethwe kwe-hydrocarbon ephezulu kubangela umule omningi ku-lipstick, kuyilapho okuqukethwe kwe-silica ephakeme kuphumela kokuqukethwe kwe-silica okuphezulu, okuphumela kungqimba lwelipstick elibushelelezi noma elicwebezelayo.Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izingilazi zokubona ezingeni lamanzi nazo zijwayele ukugqwala, zivumela udoti ne-silica ukuthi zingene ohlelweni.
Isibhamu siyimbangela yokukhathazeka ezinhlelweni zesitimu njengoba izingqimba eziwugqinsi zingakha izinhlayiya.Lezi zinhlayiya zikhona endaweni yesitimu noma emishinini yokuvala inzalo yesitimu.Izigaba ezilandelayo zichaza imiphumela engaba khona yezidakamizwa.
I-As-Is SEMs ku-Figure 7 kanye ne-8 ibonisa imvelo ye-microcrystalline ye-carmine yeklasi 2 esimweni 1. I-matrix eminyene ikakhulukazi yamakristalu e-iron oxide yakheka phezulu ngendlela yezinsalela ezinohlamvu oluhle.Izindawo ezingcolile nezingashintshiwe zibonise ukulimala kokugqwala okuholela ekuthungeni kwendawo okumaholoholo futhi okunezimbotshana njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 9 no-10.
I-NPP scan kufig.11 ikhombisa isimo sokuqala sendawo yokuqala ene-iron oxide esindayo kuyo. Indawo engashintshiwe neyonakele (Umfanekiso 12) ikhombisa ukuthi ifilimu ye-passive manje inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Cr (umugqa obomvu) ngaphezu kwe-Fe (umugqa omnyama) ku-> 1.0 Cr:Fe ratio. Indawo engashintshiwe neyonakele (Umfanekiso 12) ikhombisa ukuthi ifilimu ye-passive manje inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Cr (umugqa obomvu) ngaphezu kwe-Fe (umugqa omnyama) ku-> 1.0 Cr:Fe ratio. Пассивированная и обесточенная поверхность (рис. 12) указывает на то, что пассивная пленка теперь имеет повышенное содержанисся Кранский я) при соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Indawo engashintshiwe futhi engasenawo amandla (Umfanekiso 12) ibonisa ukuthi ifilimu ye-passive manje inokuqukethwe okukhushuliwe kwe-Cr (umugqa obomvu) uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Fe (umugqa omnyama) ngesilinganiso se-Cr:Fe > 1.0.钝化和去皱表面（图12）表明，钝化膜现在的Cr（红线) Cr(红线）含量高于Fe(黑线）),Cr:Fe 比率> 1.0. Пассивированная и морщинистая поверхность (рис. 12) показывает, что пассивированная пленка теперь имеет более высокое содержания Cr (Fek. ри соотношении Cr:Fe > 1,0. Indawo engashintshiwe futhi eshwabene (Umfanekiso 12) ibonisa ukuthi ifilimu engashintshiwe manje inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Cr (umugqa obomvu) kune-Fe (umugqa omnyama) ku-Cr:Fe ratio > 1.0.
Ifilimu elizacile (< 80 Å) elidlula i-chromium oxide livikela kakhulu kunefilimu ye-angstrom ewugqinsi ye-crystalline iron oxide evela kusisekelo sensimbi nesikali esinokuqukethwe kwensimbi okungaphezu kuka-65%.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwendawo eguquliwe neshwabene manje isingafaniswa nezinto ezipholishiwe ezingadlulisiwe.I-sediment esimweni soku-1 iyinhlabathi yekilasi 2 ekwazi ukwakheka endaweni;njengoba inqwabelana, kwakheka izinhlayiya ezinkulu ezihamba nomusi.
Kulokhu, ukugqwala okubonisiwe ngeke kuholele ekushiyekeni okubi kakhulu noma ukonakala kwekhwalithi engaphezulu.Ukushwabana okuvamile kuzonciphisa umphumela olimazayo endaweni futhi kuqede amathuba okufuduka okunamandla kwezinhlayiya ezingase zibonakale.
Emfanekisweni we-11, imiphumela ye-AES ibonisa ukuthi izingqimba eziwugqinsi eduze nendawo zinamazinga aphezulu e-Fe ne-O (500 Å of iron oxide; imigqa eluhlaza kalamula noluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngokulandelana), ishintshela kumazinga anezingqimba e-Fe, Ni, Cr, kanye ne-O. Fe (umugqa oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) iphakeme kakhulu kunanoma iyiphi enye insimbi, ikhuphuka isuka ku-35% phezulu iye ngaphezulu kwe-65% yelloy.
Phezulu, izinga le-O (umugqa oluhlaza okhanyayo) lisuka cishe ku-50% ku-alloy liye cishe kuqanda kugqinsi lwefilimu ye-oxide engaphezu kuka-700 Å. Amazinga e-Ni (umugqa oluhlaza okumnyama) kanye no-Cr (umugqa obomvu) aphansi kakhulu endaweni (< 4%) futhi akhuphukela kumazinga avamile (11% no-17%, ngokulandelana) ekujuleni kwe-alloy. Amazinga e-Ni (umugqa oluhlaza okumnyama) kanye no-Cr (umugqa obomvu) aphansi kakhulu endaweni (< 4%) futhi akhuphukela kumazinga avamile (11% no-17%, ngokulandelana) ekujuleni kwe-alloy. Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) kanye ne-Cr (красная линия) чрезвычайно низки на поверхности (<4%) kanye ne-увеличиваются до нормального уровня (11% intengo) Lava. Amazinga we-Ni (umugqa oluhlaza okotshani) kanye no-Cr (umugqa obomvu) aphansi kakhulu endaweni (<4%) futhi akhuphukela kumazinga avamile (11% no-17% ngokulandelana) ajule ku-alloy.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加到正常水1到正常水1到正常水1到正常水1到正常水1到正常水1.表面的Ni（深绿线）和Cr（红线）水平极低（< 4%），而在合金深度处增加到歌常水划1 Уровни Ni (темно-зеленая линия) kanye ne-Cr (красная линия) на поверхности чрезвычайно низки (<4%) futhi увеличиваются до нормального уровня линия 1% 10% hhayi). Amazinga e-Ni (umugqa oluhlaza okotshani) kanye no-Cr (umugqa obomvu) endaweni aphansi kakhulu (<4%) futhi akhuphukela emazingeni avamile ekujuleni kwe-alloy (11% no-17% ngokulandelana).
Isithombe se-AES ku-fig.I-12 ibonisa ukuthi ungqimba lwe-rouge (i-iron oxide) lususiwe futhi ifilimu ye-passivation ibuyiselwe.Ku-15 Å primary layer, izinga lika-Cr (umugqa obomvu) liphakeme kuneleveli ka-Fe (umugqa omnyama), okuyifilimu yokwenziwa.Ekuqaleni, okuqukethwe kwe-Ni ebusweni kwakungu-9%, kukhuphuka ngo-60-70 Å ngaphezu kwezinga le-Cr (± 16%), bese kukhuphukela ezingeni le-alloy lika-200 Å.
Kusukela ku-2%, izinga lekhabhoni (umugqa oluhlaza) lehla liye kuqanda ngo-30 Å. Izinga le-Fe ekuqaleni liphansi (< 15%) futhi kamuva lilingana nezinga le-Cr ku-15 Å futhi liyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka lifinyelele ezingeni le-alloy ngaphezu kuka-65% ku-150 Å. Izinga le-Fe ekuqaleni liphansi (< 15%) futhi kamuva lilingana nezinga le-Cr ku-15 Å futhi liyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka lifinyelele ezingeni le-alloy ngaphezu kuka-65% ku-150 Å. Уровень Fe вначале низкий (< 15%), позже равен уровню Cr при 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до уровня сплава более 65% при 15. Izinga le-Fe ekuqaleni liphansi (< 15%), kamuva lilingana nezinga le-Cr ku-15 Å futhi liyaqhubeka nokukhula libe ngaphezu kuka-65% izinga lengxubevange ku-150 Å. Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Fe 含量最初很低(< 15%)，后來在15 Å 时等于Cr 含量，并在150 Å 时继续增加到超过采65% . Содержание Fe изначально низкое (< 15 %), позже оно равняется содержанию Cr при 15 Å и продолжает увеличиваться до сопержание 5 % 5.1 15 Okuqukethwe kwe-Fe ekuqaleni kuphansi (< 15%), kamuva kulingana nokuqukethwe kwe-Cr kokuthi 15 Å futhi kuyaqhubeka nokukhula kuze kube yilapho okuqukethwe kwe-alloy sekungaphezu kuka-65% ku-150 Å.Amazinga e-Cr akhuphuka afike ku-25% ongaphezulu ku-30 ​​Å futhi ehle afike ku-17% kungxubevange.
Izinga elingu-O eliphakanyisiwe eduze nendawo (umugqa oluhlaza okhanyayo) lehla libe yiziro ngemva kokushona kuka-120 Å.Lokhu kuhlaziya kubonise ifilimu ethuthukiswe kahle ye-surface passivation.Izithombe ze-SEM kuzibalo 13 no-14 zibonisa isimo sekristalu esimahhadlahhadla, esimahhadlahhadla futhi esinezimbobo sezendlalelo ze-iron oxide 1st kanye no-2.Indawo eshwabene ikhombisa umthelela wokugqwala endaweni emagebhugebhu kancane (Izibalo 18-19).
Izindawo eziguquliwe nezishwabene eziboniswe kuzibalo 13 no-14 azimelani ne-oxidation eqinile.Amanani 15 kanye ne-16 abonisa ifilimu ye-passivation ebuyiselwe endaweni yensimbi.