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Ama-Biofilms ayingxenye ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni izifo ezingapheli, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa emishinini yezokwelapha.Le nkinga iletha inselele enkulu emphakathini wezokwelapha, njengoba ama-antibiotic ajwayelekile angabhubhisa kuphela ama-biofilms ngezinga elilinganiselwe kakhulu.Ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokumboza nezinto ezintsha.Lezi zindlela zihlose ukumboza izindawo ezingaphezulu ngendlela evimbela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm.Ama-vitreous metal alloys, ikakhulukazi lawo aqukethe izinsimbi zethusi ne-titanium, aseyizimbotshana ezifanelekile zokulwa namagciwane.Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe besifutho esibandayo kuye kwanda njengoba kuyindlela efanelekile yokucubungula izinto ezibucayi zokushisa.Ingxenye yomgomo walolu cwaningo bekuwukwakha ingilazi yensimbi entsha yefilimu elwa namagciwane eyakhiwe i-Cu-Zr-Ni ternary isebenzisa amasu omshini wokuhlanganisa.Impushana eyindilinga eyenza umkhiqizo wokugcina isetshenziswa njengempahla eluhlaza yokufuthwa okubandayo kwezindawo zensimbi engagqwali emazingeni okushisa aphansi.Ama-substrates ahlanganiswe ngengilazi yensimbi akwazile ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwe-biofilm okungenani ngelogi elingu-1 uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali.
Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, noma yimuphi umphakathi ukwazile ukuthuthukisa futhi ukhuthaze ukwethulwa kwezinto ezintsha ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo zawo ezithile, okuholele ekwandeni kokukhiqiza nokukleliswa emnothweni womhlaba wonke1.Bekulokhu kuthiwa kungenxa yekhono lomuntu lokuklama izinto zokwakha kanye nemishini yokukhiqiza, kanye nemiklamo yokukhiqiza kanye nezimpawu zezinto zokufeza impilo, imfundo, izimboni, ezomnotho, amasiko kanye neminye imikhakha ukusuka ezweni noma esifundeni kuya kwesinye.Inqubekelaphambili ikalwa kungakhathaliseki izwe noma isifunda2.Iminyaka engama-60, ososayensi bezinto zokwakha bachithe isikhathi esiningi emsebenzini owodwa oyinhloko: ukucinga izinto ezintsha nezithuthukile.Ucwaningo lwakamuva lugxile ekuthuthukiseni ikhwalithi nokusebenza kwezinto ezikhona, kanye nokuhlanganiswa nokusungula izinhlobo ezintsha ngokuphelele zezinto.
Ukwengezwa kwezakhi ze-alloying, ukuguqulwa kwe-microstructure yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zokwelapha ezishisayo, zemishini noma ze-thermomechanical kuye kwaholela ekuthuthukisweni okuphawulekayo kwezakhiwo zemishini, zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zezinto ezihlukahlukene.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlanganisela ezingaziwa kuze kube manje zenziwe ngempumelelo.Le mizamo ephikelelayo inikeze umndeni omusha wezinto ezintsha ezihlangene ezaziwa ngokuthi Okuthuthukisiwe Okubalulekile2.Ama-nanocrystals, ama-nanoparticles, ama-nanotubes, amachashazi e-quantum, izibuko ze-zero-dimensional, i-amorphous metallic, nama-alloy ane-high-entropy kuyizibonelo nje zezinto ezithuthukisiwe ezivele emhlabeni kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule.Ekwenziweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwama-alloys amasha anezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe, kokubili kumkhiqizo wokugcina nasezigabeni eziphakathi zokukhiqiza kwawo, inkinga yokungalingani ivame ukungezwa.Njengomphumela wokwethulwa kwamasu amasha okukhiqiza avumela ukuphambuka okukhulu ekulinganeni, kutholwe isigaba esisha sama-alloys athambileyo, aziwa ngokuthi izingilazi zensimbi.
Umsebenzi wakhe eCaltech ngo-1960 waguqula umqondo wezingxube zensimbi lapho ehlanganisa i-Au-25 at.% Ama-alloys ayingilazi ngokuqinisa ngokushesha uketshezi cishe ngamadigri ayisigidi ngomzuzwana.4 Ukutholakala kukaProfesa Paul Duves akuzange nje kuphawule ukuqala kwezingilazi zensimbi zomlando (MS), kodwa futhi kwaholela ekushintsheni komqondo endleleni abantu abacabanga ngayo ngama-alloys ensimbi.Kusukela ocwaningweni lokuqala lokuqala ekuhlanganiseni ama-MS alloys, cishe zonke izingilazi zensimbi ziye zatholakala ngokuphelele kusetshenziswa enye yalezi zindlela ezilandelayo: (i) ukuqina ngokushesha kokuncibilika noma umhwamuko, (ii) ukuphazamiseka kwe-atomic lattice, (iii) ukusabela kwe-solid-state amorphization phakathi kwezakhi zensimbi ezimsulwa kanye (iv) nokuguqulwa kwesigaba esiqinile sezigaba ze-metastable.
Ama-MG ahlukaniswa ngokungabikho kokuhleleka kwe-athomu yebanga elide elihlotshaniswa namakristalu, okuyisici esichazayo samakristalu.Ezweni lanamuhla, intuthuko enkulu yenziwe emkhakheni wengilazi yensimbi.Lezi izinto ezintsha ezinezakhiwo ezithakazelisayo ezingathakazelisi nje kuphela nge-solid state physics, kodwa futhi ne-metallurgy, i-surface chemistry, ubuchwepheshe, i-biology, nezinye izindawo eziningi.Lolu hlobo olusha lwezinto lunezinto ezihlukile kunezinsimbi eziqinile, okwenza kube ikhandidethi elithakazelisayo lezinhlelo zokusebenza zobuchwepheshe emikhakheni eyahlukene.Anezici ezithile ezibalulekile: (i) i-ductility ephezulu yemishini namandla esivuno, (ii) amandla kazibuthe aphezulu, (iii) ukucindezelwa okuphansi, (iv) ukumelana nokugqwala okungavamile, (v) ukuzimela kwezinga lokushisa.I-Conductivity 6.7.
I-Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 iyindlela entsha uma kuqhathaniswa, eyethulwa okokuqala ngo-19839 nguProf. KK Kok kanye nozakwabo.Bakhiqize ama-amorphous Ni60Nb40 powders ngokugaya ingxube yezinto ezihlanzekile ezingeni lokushisa eliseduze kakhulu negumbi lokushisa.Ngokuvamile, ukusabela kwe-MA kwenziwa phakathi kokuhlanganiswa kokusakazwa kwezimpushana ezisabelayo ku-reactor, ngokuvamile eyenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali, ibe isigayo sebhola.10 (Umdwebo 1a, b).Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le ndlela yokusabela yesimo esiqinile eyenziwe ngomshini iye yasetshenziselwa ukulungisa izimpushana ezintsha ze-amorphous/metallic glass alloy zisebenzisa okuphansi (Fig. 1c) kanye nezigayo zamabhola anamandla aphezulu kanye nezigayo zenduku11,12,13,14,15,16.Ikakhulukazi, le ndlela isetshenziselwe ukulungisa amasistimu angenakulinganiswa afana ne-Cu-Ta17 kanye nama-alloys aphezulu ancibilika njenge-Al-transition metal (TM, Zr, Hf, Nb and Ta)18,19 kanye nezinhlelo ze-Fe-W20., engatholakali kusetshenziswa izindlela zokupheka ezijwayelekile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-MA ibhekwa njengenye yamathuluzi e-nanotechnological anamandla kakhulu okukhiqizwa kwezimboni ze-nanocrystalline kanye nezinhlayiya ze-nanocomposite powder zensimbi, i-carbides, i-nitrides, i-hydrides, i-carbon nanotubes, i-nanodiamonds, kanye nokuzinza okubanzi kusetshenziswa indlela ephezulu phansi.1 kanye nezigaba ze-metastable.
I-Schematic ebonisa indlela yokwenziwa esetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-Cu50(Zr50-xNix)/SUS 304 ingilazi yengilazi yensimbi kulolu cwaningo.(a) Ukulungiswa kwezimpushana zengxubevange ye-MC ezinokugxiliswa okuhlukahlukene kwe-Ni x (x; 10, 20, 30, kanye no-40 ku-.%) kusetshenziswa indlela yokugaya ibhola elinamandla amancane.(a) Into yokuqala ilayishwa kusilinda samathuluzi kanye namabhola ensimbi amathuluzi futhi (b) ivalwe ebhokisini legilavu eligcwele i-He atmosphere.(c) Imodeli ebonisa ngale yomkhumbi wokugaya ebonisa ukunyakaza kwebhola ngesikhathi sokugaya.Umkhiqizo wokugcina oyimpushana otholwe ngemva kwamahora angu-50 wasetshenziselwa ukufutha ngokubandayo ijazi le-SUS 304 substrate (d).
Uma kuziwa endaweni yempahla eyinqwaba (ama-substrates), ubunjiniyela bangaphezulu bubandakanya ukuklanywa nokuguqulwa kwezindawo (ama-substrates) ukuze kuhlinzekwe izici ezithile ezibonakalayo, zamakhemikhali, nezobuchwephesha ezingekho kokubalulekile okuyinqwaba.Ezinye zezakhiwo ezingathuthukiswa ngempumelelo ngokwelashwa okungaphezulu zifaka ukuhuzuka, i-oxidation kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, i-coefficient of friction, bioinertness, izakhiwo zikagesi kanye nokufakwa kwe-thermal, ukubala nje okumbalwa.Izinga eliphezulu lingathuthukiswa ngezindlela ze-metallurgical, mechanical noma zamakhemikhali.Njengenqubo eyaziwa kakhulu, ukunamathela kuchazwa nje kuphela njengesendlalelo esisodwa noma eziningi zezinto ezisetshenziswa ngokuzenzisa endaweni engaphezulu yento eyinqwaba (i-substrate) eyenziwe kwenye into.Ngakho-ke, izimbozo zisetshenziswa ngokwengxenye ukuze kuzuzwe izakhiwo ezifiselekayo zobuchwepheshe noma zokuhlobisa, kanye nokuvikela izinto ezisetshenziswayo ekusebenzelaneni kwamakhemikhali nokomzimba okulindelekile nemvelo23.
Izindlela nezindlela ezihlukahlukene zingasetshenziswa ukuze kusetshenziswe izendlalelo zokuzivikela ezifanele kusukela kuma-micrometer ambalwa (ngaphansi kwama-micrometer angu-10-20) kuya kuma-micrometer angaphezu kuka-30 noma ngisho namamilimitha ambalwa ngobukhulu.Ngokuvamile, izinqubo zokumboza zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: (i) izindlela zokugqoka ezimanzi, ezihlanganisa i-electroplating, i-electroplating, ne-hot dip galvanizing, kanye (ii) nezindlela zokugqoka ezomile, ezihlanganisa i-soldering, i-hardfacing, i-physical vapor deposition (PVD).), i-chemical vapor deposition (CVD), izindlela zokufutha ezishisayo, nezindlela zakamuva zokufutha ezibandayo 24 (Figure 1d).
Amafilimu e-Biofilm achazwa njengemiphakathi ye-microbial enamathele ngendlela engenakuhlehliswa endaweni futhi ezungezwe ama-polymers angaphandle kwamaseli azikhiqizayo (EPS).Ukwakhiwa kwe-biofilm evuthiwe kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu ezimbonini eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukucubungula ukudla, izinhlelo zamanzi, nokunakekelwa kwezempilo.Kubantu, ngokwakhiwa kwama-biofilms, ngaphezu kwe-80% yamacala okutheleleka kwamagciwane (okuhlanganisa i-Enterobacteriaceae ne-Staphylococci) kunzima ukwelapha.Ukwengeza, ama-biofilm avuthiwe abikwe ukuthi aphikisana nezikhathi ze-1000 ekwelapheni kwama-antibiotic uma kuqhathaniswa namaseli ebhaktheriya e-planktonic, okubhekwa njengenselele enkulu yokwelapha.Ngokomlando, izinto zokumboza ze-antimicrobial surface ezitholakala kumakhompiyutha avamile ezinto eziphilayo ziye zasetshenziswa.Nakuba izinto ezinjalo ngokuvamile ziqukethe izingxenye ezinobuthi ezingase zibe yingozi kubantu, i-25,26 lokhu kungasiza ekugwemeni ukudluliswa kwamagciwane kanye nokuwohloka kwezinto.
Ukumelana okubanzi kwamagciwane ekwelashweni kwama-antibiotic ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm kuye kwaholela esidingweni sokwenza ulwelwesi olusebenzayo lwe-antimicrobial coated surface olungasetshenziswa ngokuphepha27.Ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo ebonakalayo noma yamakhemikhali elwa nokunamathela lapho amangqamuzana ebhaktheriya engakwazi ukubopha futhi enze ama-biofilms ngenxa yokunamathela kuyindlela yokuqala kule nqubo27.Ubuchwepheshe besibili ukuthuthukisa okunamathelayo okuletha amakhemikhali e-antimicrobial lapho edingeka khona, ngamanani agxile kakhulu futhi ahambisanayo.Lokhu kufezwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinto zokumboza eziyingqayizivele njenge-graphene/germanium28, idayimane elimnyama29 kanye ne-ZnO30-doped diamond-like-like carbon coatings ukumelana namagciwane, ubuchwepheshe okukhulisa ukukhula kobuthi nokumelana ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokumboza eziqukethe amakhemikhali abulala amagciwane anikeza isivikelo sesikhathi eside ekungcoleni kwamagciwane ziya ngokuya zithandwa.Nakuba zontathu izinqubo zikwazi ukwenza umsebenzi wokulwa namagciwane ezindaweni ezimboziwe, ngayinye inesethi yayo yemikhawulo okufanele icatshangelwe lapho kwakhiwa isu lokufaka isicelo.
Imikhiqizo ekhona njengamanje emakethe ithikamezwa ukushoda kwesikhathi sokuhlaziya kanye nokuhlola okunamathelayo okuyisivikelo kwezithako ezisebenzayo zebhayoloji.Izinkampani zithi imikhiqizo yazo izohlinzeka abasebenzisi ngezici ezifiselekayo zokusebenza, nokho, lokhu kube isithiyo empumelelweni yemikhiqizo esemakethe njengamanje.Izithako ezithathwe esiliva zisetshenziswa eningini lama-antimicrobial okwamanje atholakala kubathengi.Le mikhiqizo yakhelwe ukuvikela abasebenzisi ekuchayekeni okungaba yingozi kuma-micro-organisms.Umphumela obambezelekile we-antimicrobial kanye nobuthi obuhambisanayo bezinhlanganisela zesiliva kwandisa ingcindezi kubacwaningi ukuze bakhe enye indlela engeyona ingozi encane36,37.Ukudala i-global coating ye-antimicrobial esebenza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kuseyinselele.Lokhu kuhambisana nobungozi bezempilo nokuphepha.Ukuthola i-ejenti elwa namagciwane engalimazi kangako abantu kanye nokuthola ukuthi ingafakwa kanjani kuma-substrate okumboza anempilo yeshelufu ende kuwumgomo ofunwa kakhulu38.Izinto zakamuva ezilwa namagciwane kanye ne-antibiofilm zenzelwe ukubulala amagciwane ebangeni eliseduze noma ngokuthintana okuqondile noma ngemva kokukhululwa kwe-ejenti esebenzayo.Lokhu bangakwenza ngokuvimbela ukunamathela kokuqala kwebhaktheriya (okuhlanganisa nokuvimbela ukwakheka kongqimba lweprotheyini phezulu) noma ngokubulala amagciwane ngokuphazamisa udonga lwamaseli.
Ngokuyinhloko, ukumboza okungaphezulu kuyinqubo yokusebenzisa enye ungqimba ebusweni bengxenye ukuze kuthuthukiswe izici ezingaphezulu.Inhloso yokumboza ngaphezulu iwukushintsha i-microstructure kanye/noma ukwakheka kwesifunda esiseduze nendawo39.Izindlela zokumboza ezingaphezulu zingahlukaniswa zibe izindlela ezahlukene, ezifingqiwe ku-Fig. 2a.Izembatho zingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezishisayo, zamakhemikhali, zomzimba kanye ne-electrochemical kuye ngendlela esetshenziselwa ukudala ukumboza.
(a) I-inset ebonisa amasu okwenziwa kwendawo eyinhloko, kanye (b) nezinzuzo ezikhethiwe kanye nokubi zendlela yesifutho esibandayo.
Ubuchwepheshe besifutho esibandayo bufana kakhulu nezindlela zendabuko zokufutha ezishisayo.Kodwa-ke, kukhona nezinye izinto ezibalulekile ezibalulekile ezenza inqubo yesifutho esibandayo nezinto zokufutha ezibandayo zihluke ngokukhethekile.Ubuchwepheshe besifutho esibandayo busaqala, kodwa bunekusasa elihle.Kwezinye izimo, izakhiwo eziyingqayizivele zokufafaza okubandayo zinikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu, ukunqoba ukulinganiselwa kwezindlela ezivamile zokufafaza ezishisayo.Inqoba imikhawulo ebalulekile yobuchwepheshe bendabuko be-thermal spray, lapho impushana kufanele incibilikiswe ukuze ifakwe ku-substrate.Ngokusobala, le nqubo yokwemboza yendabuko ayifaneleki ezintweni ezibucayi kakhulu zokushisa ezifana ne-nanocrystals, i-nanoparticles, izibuko ze-amorphous kanye ne-metallic40, 41, 42. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokugqoka ezishisayo ezishisayo zihlala zinezinga eliphezulu le-porosity nama-oxides.Ubuchwepheshe besifutho esibandayo bunezinzuzo eziningi ezibalulekile ngaphezu kobuchwepheshe besifutho esishisayo, njengokuthi (i) ukufaka ukushisa okuncane ku-substrate, (ii) ukuguquguquka ekukhetheni i-substrate enamathela, (iii) akukho ukuguqulwa kwesigaba nokukhula okusanhlamvu, (iv) amandla aphezulu okunamathela1 .39 (Fig. 2b).Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokumboza ezibandayo zinokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu nobulukhuni, ukuhanjiswa kukagesi okuphezulu kanye nokuminyana okuphezulu41.Naphezu kwezinzuzo zenqubo yesifutho esibandayo, le ndlela isenazo ezinye izithiyo, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2b.Uma ugcoba izimpushana ze-ceramic ezihlanzekile ezifana ne-Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, WC, njll., indlela yesifutho esibandayo ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izimpushana ze-ceramic/metal zingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokumboza.Okufanayo kuya kwezinye izindlela zokufafaza ezishisayo.Izindawo ezinzima kanye nengaphakathi lamapayipi kusenzima ukufutha.
Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi umsebenzi wamanje uqondiswe ekusetshenzisweni kwe-metallic vitreous powders njengezinto zokuqala zokugqoka, kuyacaca ukuthi ukufuthwa okujwayelekile kokushisa akukwazi ukusetshenziselwa le njongo.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-metallic vitreous powders icwebezela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu1.
Iningi lamathuluzi asetshenziswa ezimbonini zezokwelapha nezokudla enziwe ngama-alloys ensimbi engenasici ye-austenitic (SUS316 kanye ne-SUS304) enokuqukethwe kwe-chromium okungu-12 kuya ku-20 wt.% ukuze kukhiqizwe amathuluzi okuhlinza.Kuyamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ye-chromium njengengxenye ye-alloying kuma-alloys ensimbi kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwama-alloys ensimbi ajwayelekile.Ama-alloys ensimbi engagqwali, naphezu kokuphikiswa kwawo okuphezulu kokugqwala, awanazo izinto ezibalulekile zokulwa namagciwane38,39.Lokhu kuphambene nokumelana kwabo nokugqwala okuphezulu.Ngemva kwalokho, kungenzeka ukubikezela ukuthuthukiswa kokutheleleka nokuvuvukala, okubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya kanye nekoloni ebusweni bezinto zensimbi ezingenasici.Izinkinga ezinkulu zingase ziphakame ngenxa yobunzima obubalulekile obuhambisana nokunamathela kwebhaktheriya kanye nezindlela zokwakheka kwe-biofilm, okungaholela empilweni embi, okungaba nemiphumela eminingi engathinta ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile impilo yomuntu.
Lolu cwaningo luyisigaba sokuqala sohlelo oluxhaswe yiKuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), inkontileka engunombolo.2010-550401, ukuze kuphenywe ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukukhiqiza metallic glassy Cu-Zr-Ni ternary powders usebenzisa MA ubuchwepheshe (ithebula).1) Ukuze kukhiqizwe ifilimu/enamathelayo yokuvikela amagciwane e-SUS304.Isigaba sesibili sephrojekthi, okufanele siqale ngoJanuwari 2023, sizocubungula ngokuningiliziwe izici zokugqwala kwe-galvanic kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zohlelo.Ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwe-microbiological kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamabhaktheriya kuzokwenziwa.
Lesi sihloko sidingida umphumela wokuqukethwe kwe-alloy ye-Zr kukhono lokwenza ingilazi (GFA) ngokusekelwe ezicini ze-morphological kanye nesakhiwo.Ukwengeza, izakhiwo ezilwa namagciwane zengilazi yensimbi ehlanganiswe ngempushana/inhlanganisela ye-SUS304 nazo zaxoxwa ngazo.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwenziwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo wokuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo sezimpushana zengilazi zensimbi ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokufuthwa okubandayo endaweni yoketshezi epholile kakhulu yezinhlelo zengilazi zensimbi ezenziwe ngensimbi.I-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kanye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 ingxube yengilazi yensimbi isetshenziswe njengezibonelo ezimele kulolu cwaningo.
Lesi sigaba sethula izinguquko ze-morphological kuzimpushana ze-elemental Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni ngesikhathi sokugaya ibhola elinamandla amancane.Amasistimu amabili ahlukene ahlanganisa i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 azosetshenziswa njengezibonelo ezibonisayo.Inqubo ye-MA ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ezihlukene, njengoba kufakazelwa ukubonakaliswa kwe-metallographic ye-powder etholakala esigabeni sokugaya (Fig. 3).
Izici ze-Metallographic zama-powder of alloys mechanical (MA) atholwe ngemva kwezigaba ezihlukahlukene zokugaya ibhola.I-Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) izithombe zezimpushana ze-MA kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezitholwe ngemva kokugaya ibhola elinamandla amahora angu-3, 12 kanye namahora angu-50 ziboniswa ku-(a), (c) kanye (e) nohlelo lwe-Cu50Zr20Ni30, kuyilapho ziku-MA efanayo.Izithombe ezihambisanayo zohlelo lwe-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezithathwe ngemva kwesikhathi ziboniswa ku-(b), (d), kanye (f).
Ngesikhathi sokugaya ibhola, amandla e-kinetic asebenzayo angadluliselwa ku-powder yensimbi athintwa inhlanganisela yemingcele, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 1a.Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamabhola nezimpushana, ukucindezelwa kwe-shear kwempushana enamathele phakathi noma phakathi kwemidiya yokugaya, imithelela evela kumabhola awayo, ukugunda nokuguga okubangelwa ukudonsa okuyimpushana phakathi kwemizimba enyakazayo yomshini wokugaya ibhola, kanye negagasi elishisayo elidlula amabhola awayo asakazeka ngesiko elilayishiwe (Fig. 1a). Элементарные порошки Cu, Zr и Ni были сильно деформированы из-за холодной сварки на ранней стадии МА (3 ч), что привело к образованнию indawo). I-elemental Cu, Zr, kanye ne-Ni powders yakhubazeka kakhulu ngenxa yokushisela okubandayo ekuqaleni kwe-MA (3 h), okwaholela ekwakhekeni kwezinhlayiya ezinkulu zempushana (> 1 mm ububanzi).Lezi zinhlayiya ezinkulu eziyinhlanganisela zibonakala ngokwakheka kwezingqimba eziwugqinsi zezakhi ze-alloying (Cu, Zr, Ni), njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso.3a,b.Ukwanda kwesikhathi se-MA kuya ku-12 h (isiteji esiphakathi) kwaholela ekwandeni kwamandla e-kinetic we-mill yebhola, okwaholela ekuqhekekeni kwe-powder ehlanganisiwe ibe yizimpushana ezincane (ngaphansi kwe-200 μm), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3c, idolobha.Kulesi sigaba, amandla okugunda asetshenziswa aholela ekwakhiweni kwendawo entsha yensimbi enezingqimba ezincane ze-Cu, Zr, Ni hint, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3c, d.Njengomphumela wokugaya izingqimba ekuxhumaneni kwama-flakes, ukusabela kwesigaba esiqinile kwenzeka ngokwakhiwa kwezigaba ezintsha.
Emvuthwandaba wenqubo ye-MA (ngemuva kwamahora angu-50), i-flake metallography yayingabonakali (Fig. 3e, f), kanye ne-million metallography yabonwa endaweni epholishiwe yempushana.Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo ye-MA yaqedwa futhi isigaba sokusabela esisodwa sadalwa.Ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kwezifunda kukhonjiswe ku-Fig.3e (I, II, III), f, v, vi) kwanqunywa kusetshenziswa i-field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) kuhlanganiswe ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(IV).
Etafuleni.Ukugxiliswa kwe-elemental oku-2 kwama-elementi e-alloying kuboniswa njengephesenti yenani lesisindo sesifunda ngasinye esikhethiwe kufig.3 e,f.Ukuqhathanisa le miphumela namagama okuqala okuqanjwa kwe-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 anikezwe kuThebula 1 kubonisa ukuthi ukuqanjwa kwale mikhiqizo emibili yokugcina kusondelene kakhulu nezingoma ezivamile.Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanani ahlobene wezingxenye zezifunda ezisohlwini lwe-Fig. 3e,f awaphakamisi ukuwohloka okukhulu noma ukuhluka ekubunjweni kwesampula ngayinye ukusuka kwesinye isifunda ukuya kwesinye.Lokhu kufakazelwa wukuthi alukho uguquko ekwakhiweni kwalo kusuka kwesinye isifunda kuya kwesinye.Lokhu kukhombisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimpushana zengxubevange efanayo njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 2.
Ama-micrographs we-FE-SEM we-Cu50 (Zr50-xNix) impushana yokugcina yomkhiqizo atholwe ngemva kwezikhathi ze-50 MA, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 4a-d, lapho u-x engu-10, 20, 30 kanye no-40 ku.%, ngokulandelana.Ngemva kwalesi sinyathelo sokugaya, impushana iyanqwabelana ngenxa yomphumela we-van der Waals, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwama-aggregate amakhulu ahlanganisa izinhlayiya ze-ultrafine ezinobubanzi obungu-73 kuya ku-126 nm, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.
Izici ze-morphological ze-Cu50(Zr50-xNix) izimpushana ezitholwe ngemva kwamahora angu-50 e-MA.Kuzinhlelo ze-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, Cu50Zr10Ni40, izithombe ze-FE-SEM zezimpushana ezitholwe ngemva kuka-50 MA ziboniswa ku-(a), (b), (c), kanye (d), ngokulandelana.
Ngaphambi kokulayisha izimpushana kusiphakeli esibandayo sesifutho, aqale afakwa ku-ethanol ebangeni lokuhlaziya imizuzu eyi-15 bese omiswa ku-150 ° C. amahora ama-2.Lesi sinyathelo kufanele sithathwe ukuze kuliwe ngempumelelo ne-agglomeration, okuvame ukubangela izinkinga eziningi ezinkulu enqubweni yokumboza.Ngemva kokuphothulwa kwenqubo ye-MA, kwenziwa izifundo ezengeziwe ukuze kuphenywe ukufana kwe-alloy powders.Emkhiwaneni.I-5a–d ibonisa ama-micrographs e-FE-SEM nemifanekiso ehambisanayo ye-EDS yezinto ezihlanganisa i-Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ingxubevange ethathwe ngemva kwamahora angu-50 M, ngokulandelanayo.Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izimpushana zengxubevange ezitholwe ngemva kwalesi sinyathelo zine-homogeneous, njengoba zingabonisi ukushintshashintsha kokuqamba okungaphezu kwezinga le-sub-nanometer, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5.
I-Morphology kanye nokusabalalisa kwendawo kwezinto ku-MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder etholwe ngemva kwe-50 MA nge-FE-SEM/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS).(a) I-SEM ne-X-ray EDS imaging ye-(b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα, kanye (d) ne-Ni-Kα.
Amaphethini we-X-ray diffraction wezimpushana ezihlanganisiwe ze-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 ezitholwe ngemva kwamahora angu-50 MA ziboniswa Kumakhiwane.6a–d, ngokulandelana.Ngemva kwalesi sigaba sokugaya, wonke amasampula ane-Zr yokugxila ehlukene abe nezakhiwo ze-amorphous ezinamaphethini okusabalalisa ama-halo aboniswe ku-Fig. 6.
Amaphethini we-X-ray diffraction we-Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), kanye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 (d) izimpushana ngemva kwe-MA amahora angu-50.Iphethini ye-halo-diffusion yabonwa kuwo wonke amasampuli ngaphandle kokukhetha, okubonisa ukwakheka kwesigaba se-amorphous.
I-electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) yokudlulisa i-high resolution field emission transmission (FE-HRTEM) yasetshenziswa ukubuka izinguquko zesakhiwo nokuqonda ukwakheka kwendawo yezimpushana ezibangelwa ukugaya ibhola ngezikhathi ezihlukene ze-MA.Izithombe zezimpushana ezitholwe indlela ye-FE-HRTEM ngemva kwezigaba zakuqala (ezingu-6 h) neziphakathi (18 h) zokugaya izimpushana ze-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ziboniswa ku-Fig.7a, ngokulandelana.Ngokomfanekiso we-bright-field (BFI) we-powder etholwe ngemva kwe-6 h ye-MA, i-powder iqukethe izinhlamvu ezinkulu ezinemingcele echazwe ngokucacile ye-fcc-Cu, i-hcp-Zr, ne-fcc-Ni izakhi, futhi azikho izimpawu zokubunjwa kwesigaba sokuphendula, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 7a.Ukwengeza, iphethini ye-diffraction yendawo ekhethiwe ehlotshaniswayo (i-SADP) ethathwe esifundeni esiphakathi (a) yembula iphethini ye-diffraction ebukhali (Fig. 7b) ebonisa ukuba khona kwamakristalu amakhulu kanye nokungabikho kwesigaba esisebenzayo.
Izici zesakhiwo sendawo ye-MA powder etholwe ngemva kwezigaba zakuqala (6 h) neziphakathi (18 h).(a) High resolution field emission transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) kanye (b) ehambisanayo ekhethiwe diffractogram (SADP) ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-MA amahora angu-6.Isithombe se-FE-HRTEM se-Cu50Zr40Ni10 esitholwe ngemva kwamahora angu-18 MA siboniswa ku-(c).
Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni.7c, ukwanda kobude besikhathi se-MA kuya ku-18 h kuholele ekulimaleni okukhulu kwe-lattice kuhlanganiswe nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki.Kulesi sigaba esimaphakathi senqubo ye-MA, amaphutha ahlukahlukene avela ku-powder, kufaka phakathi amaphutha e-stacking, ama-lattice defects, nama-point defects (Fig. 7).Lezi ziphambeko zibangela ukuhlukana kwezinhlamvu ezinkulu eduze kwemingcele yokusanhlamvu zibe yizinhlamvu ezincane kuno-20 nm ngosayizi (Fig. 7c).
Isakhiwo sendawo se-Cu50Z30Ni20 powder egayiwe i-36 h MA sibonakala ngokubunjwa kwe-ultrafine nanograins efakwe ku-matrix encane ye-amorphous, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 8a.Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo kwe-EMF kubonise ukuthi ama-nanocluster aboniswe ku-Fig.I-8a ihlotshaniswa ne-Cu, Zr ne-Ni powder alloys engalashwa.Okuqukethwe kwe-Cu ku-matrix kuye kwahluka ukusuka ku-~32 at.% (indawo empofu) ukuya ku-~74 at.% (indawo ecebile), okubonisa ukwakheka kwemikhiqizo ehlukahlukene.Ukwengeza, ama-SADP ahambisanayo ama-powders atholwe ngemva kokugaya kulesi sinyathelo abonisa izindandatho zesigaba se-amorphous se-halo-diffusion eyinhloko nesesibili ezihambisana namaphuzu abukhali ahlotshaniswa nalezi zakhi ze-alloying ezingaphenduliwe, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 8b.
Izici zesakhiwo sendawo ye-Nanoscale ye-Beyond 36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder.(a) Isithombe senkambu ekhanyayo (BFI) kanye (b) ne-SADP ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder etholwe ngemva kokugaya i-36 h MA.
Ngasekupheleni kwenqubo ye-MA (50 h), i-Cu50(Zr50-xNix), i-X, i-10, i-20, i-30, ne-40 ku-.% izimpushana, ngaphandle kokukhetha, zine-labyrinthine morphology yesigaba se-amorphous, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig.Akukho diffraction yephoyinti noma amaphethini ahlabayo annular angatholwa ku-SADS ehambisanayo yokuqanjwa ngakunye.Lokhu kubonisa ukungabikho kwensimbi ye-crystalline engaphenduliwe, kodwa kunalokho ukwakheka kwe-amorphous alloy powder.Lawa ma-SADP ahlobene abonisa amaphethini okusabalalisa i-halo nawo asetshenziswa njengobufakazi bokuthuthukiswa kwezigaba ze-amorphous kumpahla yokugcina yomkhiqizo.
Isakhiwo sendawo somkhiqizo wokugcina wohlelo lwe-Cu50 MS (Zr50-xNix).I-FE-HRTEM kanye namaphethini e-nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ahlobene (a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30, kanye (d) ne-Cu50Zr10Ni40 atholwe ngemva kwamahora angu-50 we-MA.
Kusetshenziswa i-calorierimetry yokuskena ehlukile, ukuzinza okushisayo kwezinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg), indawo ewuketshezi epholile kakhulu (ΔTx) kanye nezinga lokushisa le-crystallization (Tx) kwahlolisiswa kuye ngokuqukethwe kwe-Ni (x) ohlelweni lwe-amorphous Cu50(Zr50-xNix).(DSC) izakhiwo ku-He gas flow.Amajika e-DSC wezimpushana ze-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, kanye nama-amorphous alloys e-Cu50Zr10Ni40 atholwe ngemva kwe-MA amahora angu-50 aboniswa ku-Fig.10a, b, e, ngokulandelana.Ngenkathi ijika le-DSC le-amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 liboniswa ngokwehlukana ku-Fig. 10th century Phakathi naleso sikhathi, isampula ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 eshiselwe ku-~700°C ku-DSC iboniswa ku-Fig. 10g.
Ukuzinza okushisayo kwezimpushana ze-Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MG ezitholwe ngemva kwe-MA amahora angu-50 kunqunywa izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg), izinga lokushisa lecrystallization (Tx) kanye nesifunda esimanzi esipholile kakhulu (ΔTx).Ama-Thermograms of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) powders of Cu50Zr40Ni10 (a), Cu50Zr30Ni20 (b), Cu50Zr20Ni30 (c), kanye (e) Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG alloy powders ngemva kwe-MA amahora angu-50.Iphethini ye-X-ray diffraction (XRD) yesampula ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 eshiselwe kufika ku-~700°C ku-DSC iboniswa kokuthi (d).
Njengoba kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 10, amajika e-DSC azo zonke izingoma ezinokugxilwa kwe-nickel okuhlukile (x) abonisa izimo ezimbili ezihlukene, i-endothermic eyodwa nenye exothermic.Umcimbi wokuqala we-endothermic uhambisana no-Tg, kanti owesibili uhlotshaniswa ne-Tx.Indawo ye-span evundlile ekhona phakathi kwe-Tg ne-Tx ibizwa ngokuthi indawo yoketshezi epholile (ΔTx = Tx – Tg).Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi i-Tg ne-Tx yesampula ye-Cu50Zr40Ni10 (Fig. 10a) ebekwe ku-526°C kanye no-612°C ishintsha okuqukethwe (x) ifike ku-20 ku-% ibheke ohlangothini lwezinga lokushisa eliphansi elingu-482°C no-563°C.°C ngokuqukethwe kwe-Ni okwandayo (x), ngokulandelana, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 10b.Ngenxa yalokho, i-ΔTx Cu50Zr40Ni10 yehla isuka ku-86°С (Fig. 10a) iye ku-81°С ku-Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b).Ku-MC Cu50Zr40Ni10 ingxubevange, ukwehla kwamanani e-Tg, Tx, ne-ΔTx kuya kumazinga angu-447°С, 526°С, kanye no-79°С nakho kwabonwa (Fig. 10b).Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-Ni kuholela ekunciphiseni ukuzinza kokushisa kwe-MS alloy.Ngokuphambene nalokho, inani le-Tg (507 ° C) le-alloy ye-MC Cu50Zr20Ni30 liphansi kune-alloy ye-MC Cu50Zr40Ni10;nokho, i-Tx yayo ibonisa inani eliqhathaniswa nayo (612 °C).Ngakho-ke, i-ΔTx inenani eliphezulu (87°C) njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso.Ikhulu le-10
Uhlelo lwe-Cu50(Zr50-xNix) MC, lisebenzisa ingxubevange ye-Cu50Zr20Ni30 MC njengesibonelo, lucwebezela ngokuphakama okubukhali kwe-exothermic lube yi-fcc-ZrCu5, orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10, kanye nezigaba zekristalu ze-orthorhombic-ZrNi (Fig. 10c).Lokhu kuguqulwa kwesigaba kusuka ku-amorphous kuya ku-crystalline kuqinisekiswe ukuhlaziywa kwe-X-ray diffraction yesampula ye-MG (Fig. 10d) eyashiswa ku-700 ° C ku-DSC.
Emkhiwaneni.I-11 ikhombisa izithombe ezithathwe ngesikhathi sokufuthwa okubandayo okwenziwe emsebenzini wamanje.Kulolu cwaningo, izinhlayiya ze-metal glassy powder ezihlanganiswe ngemuva kwe-MA amahora angu-50 (kusetshenziswa i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengesibonelo) zasetshenziswa njengento eluhlaza elwa namagciwane, futhi ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali (SUS304) lalifakwe isifutho esibandayo.Indlela yesifutho esibandayo yakhethelwa ukumbozwa ochungechungeni lobuchwepheshe lwesifutho esishisayo ngoba iyindlela esebenza kahle kakhulu ochungechungeni lobuchwepheshe lwesifutho esishisayo lapho ingasetshenziselwa izinto ezizwela ukushisa ezimetastable metallic ezifana nezimpushana ze-amorphous kanye ne-nanocrystalline.Hhayi ngaphansi kwesigaba.izinguquko.Lesi yisici esiyinhloko ekukhetheni le ndlela.Inqubo yokubeka okubandayo yenziwa kusetshenziswa izinhlayiya zesivinini esikhulu eziguqula amandla e-kinetic ezinhlayiya zibe ukuwohloka kwepulasitiki, ukuwohloka nokushisa lapho kunomthelela nge-substrate noma izinhlayiya ezifakwe ngaphambili.
Izithombe zasensimini zibonisa inqubo yesifutho esibandayo esisetshenziselwa amalungiselelo amahlanu alandelanayo e-MG/SUS 304 ku-550°C.
Amandla e-kinetic ezinhlayiya, kanye nomfutho wezinhlayiya ngayinye ngesikhathi kwakhiwa i-coating, kufanele iguqulwe ibe ezinye izinhlobo zamandla ngokusebenzisa izinqubo ezifana ne-plastic deformation (izinhlayiya zamandla eziyinhloko kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiyana ku-matrix kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiya), amafindo aphakathi kwama-solids, ukuzungeza phakathi kwezinhlayiya, ukuguqulwa kanye nokunciphisa i-incomal ye-incomal, ukuguquguquka kanye nokukhawulela ukushisa kwe-incommal kanye ne-kinetic 39. deformation energy, umphumela kuyoba ukungqubuzana okunwebekayo, okusho ukuthi izinhlayiya zivele zigxume ngemva komthelela.Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi u-90% wamandla omthelela asetshenziswa ku-particle/substrate material aguqulwa abe ukushisa kwendawo 40.Ukwengeza, lapho kusetshenziswa ukucindezeleka komthelela, amazinga aphezulu e-plastic strain afinyelelwa endaweni yokuxhumana yezinhlayiya / substrate ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu41,42.
Ukuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengenqubo yokuchithwa kwamandla, noma kunalokho, njengomthombo wokushisa endaweni ehlangene.Kodwa-ke, ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa endaweni ehlangene ngokuvamile akwanele ukwenzeka kokuncibilika okuhlangene noma ukukhuthazwa okubalulekile kokusakazwa kwama-athomu.Akukho ukushicilelwa okwaziwa ababhali okuphenye umthelela wezakhiwo zalezi zimpushana ze-metallic vitreous ekunamatheleni okuyimpushana nasekuzinzeni okwenzeka lapho kusetshenziswa izindlela zokufutha ezibandayo.
I-BFI ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 i-alloy powder ingabonakala ku-Fig. 12a, eyafakwa ku-substrate ye-SUS 304 (Fig. 11, 12b).Njengoba kungase kubonakale emfanekisweni, izimpushana eziboshwe zigcina isakhiwo sazo sokuqala se-amorphous njengoba zinesakhiwo se-labyrinth esibucayi ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izici zekristalu noma ukukhubazeka kwe-lattice.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isithombe sibonisa ukuba khona kwesigaba sangaphandle, njengoba kuboniswa yi-nanoparticles efakwe ku-MG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a).Umfanekiso 12c ubonisa iphethini enenkomba ye-nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ehlotshaniswa nesifunda I (Umfanekiso 12a).Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni.12c, i-NBDP ibonisa iphethini ebuthakathaka ye-halo-diffusion yesakhiwo se-amorphous futhi ihambisana namachashaza abukhali ahambisana nesigaba se-Zr2Ni esikhulu se-cubic metastable kanye nesigaba se-tetragonal CuO.Ukwakheka kwe-CuO kungachazwa nge-oxidation yempushana lapho isuka emlonyeni wesibhamu sesifutho iye ku-SUS 304 emoyeni ovulekile ngokugeleza kwe-supersonic.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-devitrification yezimpushana zengilazi zensimbi kubangele ukwakheka kwezigaba ezinkulu ze-cubic ngemva kokwelashwa kwesifutho esibandayo ku-550 ° C imizuzu engu-30.
(a) Isithombe se-FE-HRTEM se-MG powder efakwe ku-(b) SUS 304 substrate (Isithombe esifakwe ngaphakathi).Inkomba ye-NBDP yophawu oluyindilinga oluboniswe ku-(a) ikhonjiswe ku-(c).
Ukuhlola le ndlela engaba khona yokwakhiwa kwama-cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles amakhulu, kwenziwa ukuhlolwa okuzimele.Kulesi sivivinyo, izimpushana zifuthwe zisuka ku-atomizer ku-550 ° C zibheke ku-substrate ye-SUS 304;kodwa-ke, ukuze kunqunywe umthelela we-annealing, izimpushana zasuswa emgqeni we-SUS304 ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka (cishe 60 s).).Olunye uchungechunge lwezivivinyo lwenziwa lapho impushana ikhishwa ku-substrate cishe imizuzwana engu-180 ngemva kokufakwa.
Izibalo 13a,b zibonisa izithombe ze-Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) zenkambu emnyama (DFI) zezinto ezimbili ezifafaziwe ezifakwe ku-SUS 304 substrates for 60 s kanye 180 s, ngokulandelana.Isithombe sempushana esifakwe imizuzwana ye-60 asinayo imininingwane ye-morphological, ebonisa ukungabi nasici (Fig. 13a).Lokhu kwabuye kwaqinisekiswa yi-XRD, eyabonisa ukuthi ukwakheka okuphelele kwalezi zimpushana kwakuyi-amorphous, njengoba kuboniswe yiziqongo ezibanzi eziyisisekelo nesesibili eziboniswa kuMfanekiso 14a.Lokhu kubonisa ukungabikho kwe-metastable/mesophase precipitates, lapho impushana igcina isakhiwo sayo sokuqala se-amorphous.Ngokuphambene, i-powder efakwe ekushiseni okufanayo (550 ° C) kodwa ishiywe ku-substrate ye-180 s ibonise ukufakwa kwezinhlamvu ze-nanosized, njengoba kuboniswe imicibisholo ku-Fig. 13b.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-20-2022