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Amafilimu e-biofilm ayingxenye ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezifo ezingelapheki, ikakhulukazi uma kuhileleke amathuluzi ezokwelapha.Le nkinga ibeka inselele enkulu emphakathini wezokwelapha, njengoba ama-antibiotic ajwayelekile angaqeda ama-biofilm ngezinga elilinganiselwe kakhulu.Ukuvimbela ukwakheka kwe-biofilm kuye kwaholela ekwakhiweni kwezindlela zokumboza ezihlukahlukene kanye nezinto ezintsha.Lezi zindlela zihlose ukumboza indawo engaphezulu ngendlela evimbela ukwakheka kwe-Melloystal, i-coolic metal kanye ne-cool metal ephumayo, ikakhulukazi i-cool. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe besifutho esibandayo kunyukile njengoba kuyindlela efanelekile yokucubungula izinto ezizwela ukushisa. Ingxenye yenhloso yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukusungula inoveli yefilimu yengilazi yensimbi elwa namagciwane eyakhiwe nge-ternary Cu-Zr-Ni kusetshenziswa amasu e-alloying ayimishini. ama-strate ambozwe ngengilazi yensimbi akwazile ukunciphisa ukwakheka kwe-biofilm okungenani ngelogi elingu-1 uma kuqhathaniswa nensimbi engagqwali.
Kuwo wonke umlando wesintu, noma yimuphi umphakathi ukwazile ukuklama nokukhuthaza ukwethulwa kwezincwadi zenoveli ezihlangabezana nezidingo zawo ezithile, okuholele ekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezinga emnothweni womhlaba wonke1. Bekulokhu kuthiwa kungenxa yekhono lomuntu lokuthuthukisa izinto zokwakha kanye nemishini yokwakha kanye nemiklamo yokwenziwa kwezinto kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu ukuze kuzuzwe izinzuzo kwezempilo, imfundo, imboni, ezomnotho, amasiko kanye neminye imikhakha kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izwe noma isifunda esithile sithuthuka kanjani.2 Iminyaka engu-60, ososayensi bezinto ezibonakalayo baye banikela isikhathi sabo esiningi ekugxileni kokukodwa okukhulu okukhathazayo: ukuphishekela amanoveli nezinto ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lugxile ekuthuthukiseni izinga nokusebenza kwezinto ezikhona, kanye nokuhlanganisa nokusungula izinhlobo ezintsha ngokuphelele zezinto zokwakha.
Ukwengezwa kwezakhi ze-alloying, ukuguqulwa kwe-microstructure yezinto ezibonakalayo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinqubo zokucubungula ezishisayo, zemishini noma ze-thermo-mechanical kuye kwaphumela ekuthuthukisweni okuphawulekayo kwemishini, amakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo ezibonakalayo zezinto ezihlukahlukene ezihlukahlukene. ama-noparticles, ama-nanotubes, amachashazi e-quantum, i-zero-dimensional, ingilazi yensimbi e-amorphous, kanye nama-alloy ane-high-entropy kuyizibonelo nje zezinto ezithuthukisiwe ezethulwe emhlabeni kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule. i-librium, ikilasi elisha lonke lama-alloys athambileyo, elaziwa ngokuthi izingilazi zensimbi, selitholakele.
Umsebenzi wakhe eCaltech ngo-1960 waletha uguquko emcabangweni wezingxube zensimbi lapho ehlanganisa ingilazi eyi-Au-25 ku-%. izifundo zokuphayona ekuhlanganisweni kwe-MG alloys, cishe zonke izibuko zensimbi ziye zakhiqizwa ngokuphelele ngokusebenzisa enye yalezi zindlela ezilandelayo;(i) ukuqina okusheshayo kokuncibilika noma umusi, (ii) ukuphazamiseka kwe-athomu ye-lattice, (iii) ukusabela kwe-solid state amorphization phakathi kwama-elementi ensimbi emsulwa, kanye (iv) noguquko lwesimo esiqinile sezigaba ze-metastable.
Ama-MG ahlukaniswa ngokuntula kwawo uhlelo olude lwe-athomu oluhlotshaniswa namakristalu, okuwuphawu oluchazayo lwamakristalu.Ezweni lanamuhla, inqubekelaphambili enkulu yenziwe emkhakheni wengilazi yensimbi.Ayizinto ezintsha ezinezici ezithakazelisayo ezingathakazelisi nje kuphela ku-solid state physics, kodwa nakwezensimbi, i-surface chemistry, ubuchwepheshe, izinto eziphilayo eziveza izici eziningi zensimbi ezithakazelisayo. izinhlelo zobuchwepheshe emikhakheni eyahlukene.Zinezinto ezithile ezibalulekile;(i) i-ductility ephezulu yemishini namandla esivuno, (ii) amandla kazibuthe aphezulu, (iii) ukucindezelwa okuphansi, (iv) ukumelana nokugqwala okungavamile, (v) ukuzimela kwezinga lokushisa I-conductivity ye-6,7.
I-Mechanical alloying (MA)1,8 iyindlela entsha uma kuqhathaniswa, eyethulwa okokuqala ngo-19839 nguProf. CC Kock kanye nozakwabo.Balungisa izimpushana ze-amorphous Ni60Nb40 ngokugaya ingxube yezinto ezihlanzekile emazingeni okushisa aseduze kakhulu negumbi lokushisa.Ngokuvamile, ukusabela kwe-MA kwenziwa phakathi kokuhlanganiswa okuxubile kwezimpushana zezinto ezisabelayo ku-reactor, ngokuvamile ezenziwe ngensimbi engagqwali ibe yibhola lokugaya 10 (Fig. 1a, b) . 2,13,14,15 , 16.Ikakhulukazi, le ndlela isetshenziselwe ukulungisa amasistimu angabonakali afana ne-Cu-Ta17, kanye nama-alloy point melting point njengezinhlelo ze-Al-transition metal (TM; Zr, Hf, Nb kanye ne-Ta) 18,19 kanye ne-Fe-W20, engenakutholwa kusetshenziswa i-naurther one-industrial amathuluzi amaningi wokulungiselela i-MAF ye-industrial yokulungiselela umzila we-technology enamandla kakhulu. izinhlayiya ze-le nanocrystalline kanye ne-nanocomposite powder ye-metal oxides, i-carbides, i-nitrides, i-hydrides, i-carbon nanotubes, i-nanodiamonds, Kanye nokuqiniswa okubanzi ngendlela ehamba phambili yokuya phansi engu-1 kanye nezigaba ze-metastable.
I-Schematic ebonisa indlela yokwenziwa esetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) metallic glass (MG) coating/SUS 304 kulolu cwaningo.(a) Ukulungiswa kwezimpushana ze-MG alloy ezine-Ni concentrations ehlukene x (x; 10, 20, 30 kanye no-40 at.%) kusetshenziswa ibhola elinamandla aphansi libe yithuluzi lokugaya i-blinder kanye nethuluzi lokugaywa kwensimbi (blinder steel). ivalwa ebhokisini legilavu ​​eligcwele i-He atmosphere.(c) Imodeli ekhanyelayo yomkhumbi wokugaya ebonisa ukunyakaza kwebhola ngesikhathi sokugaya.Umkhiqizo wokugcina wempushana otholwe ngemva kwamahora angu-50 wasetshenziselwa ukumboza i-substrate ye-SUS 304 kusetshenziswa indlela yesifutho esibandayo (d).
Uma kuziwa endabeni yobuningi bezinto ezibonakalayo (ama-substrates), ubunjiniyela bangaphezulu buhilela ukuklama nokuguqulwa kwezindawo ezingaphezulu (ama-substrates) ukuze kuhlinzekwe izimfanelo ezithile zomzimba, zamakhemikhali nezobuchwephesha ezingaqukethwe kumpahla eyinqwaba yasekuqaleni.Ezinye izakhiwo ezingathuthukiswa ngempumelelo ngokwelashwa okungaphezulu zifaka ukumelana nemihuzuko, ukumelana ne-oxidation nokugqwala, i-coefficient yokungqubuzana, i-bio-inertness kanye ne-insulation ye-metal, i-bio-inertness kanye ne-insulation yensimbi ingathuthukisa ukwakheka kwensimbi. al, amasu emishini noma amakhemikhali.Njengenqubo eyaziwayo, ukunamathela kumane kuchazwe njengesendlalelo esisodwa noma eziningi zezinto ezibekwe ngokuzenzela phezu kwento eyinqwaba (i-substrate) eyenziwe ngenye impahla.Ngakho, okokunamathela kusetshenziswa ingxenye ukuze kuzuzwe izici ezithile zobuchwepheshe noma zokuhlobisa ezifiselekayo, kanye nokuvikela izinto ezisetshenziswayo ekusebenzelaneni okulindelekile kwamakhemikhali nokomzimba nendawo ezungezile23.
Ukuze ubeke izendlalelo ezifanele zokuvikela indawo ezinogqinsi olusukela kuma-micrometer ambalwa (ngaphansi kwama-micrometer angu-10-20) kuya kuma-micrometer angaphezu kuka-30 noma amamilimitha ambalwa, kungasetshenziswa izindlela namasu amaningi. Ngokuvamile, izinqubo zokumboza zingahlukaniswa zibe izigaba ezimbili: (i) izindlela zokumboza ezimanzi, okuhlanganisa i-electroplating, i-electroless plating, kanye nezindlela zokufaka i-valid, i-val-dip, kanye nezindlela zokufaka i-valid eshisayo , i-physical vapor deposition (PVD), i-chemical vapor deposition (CVD), amasu okufutha okushisayo kanye namasu asanda kufakwa okufutha okubandayo 24 (Fig. 1d).
Amafilimu e-Biofilm achazwa njengemiphakathi ye-microbial enamathele ngendlela engenakuhlehliswa endaweni futhi ezungezwe ama-polymers angaphandle (EPS) azikhiqizela wona.Ukwakheka kwe-biofilm evuthiwe kungaholela ekulahlekelweni okukhulu emikhakheni eminingi yezimboni, okuhlanganisa imboni yokudla, izinhlelo zamanzi, kanye nezindawo zokunakekelwa kwempilo.Kubantu, lapho ama-biofilms enza, angaphezu kuka-80% we-microbicoluding infections of microbicoluecciones of the microbicoccides of Enterobicobacteria) ama-microbicolueccieses angaphezu kuka-80%. okunzima ukuyelapha.Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuye kwabikwa ukuthi ama-biofilms avuthiwe aphikisana nokwelashwa kwama-antibiotic izikhathi ezingu-1000 uma kuqhathaniswa namangqamuzana ebhaktheriya e-planktonic, okubhekwa njengenselele enkulu yokwelapha.Izinto zokumboza ze-antimicrobial ebusweni ezitholakala kumakhompiyutha avamile aye asetshenziswa ngokomlando.Nakuba izinto ezinjalo zivame ukuqukatha izingxenye ezinobuthi ezingase zibe yingozi6 futhi zigweme ukubhujiswa25 okungase kube usizo.
Ukumelana okubanzi kwamabhaktheriya ekwelashweni kwama-antibiotic ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm kuye kwaholela esidingweni sokwenza indawo esebenza kahle ye-antimicrobial membrane-coated engasetshenziswa ngokuphepha27. Ukuthuthukiswa kwendawo emelene nokunamathela ngokomzimba noma yekhemikhali lapho amangqamuzana ebhaktheriya evinjelwa khona ukuhlanganisa nokwakha amafilimu e-biofilm ngenxa yokunamathela kuyindlela yokuqala kule nqubo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuchwepheshe be-antimicrobial lapho amakhemikhali alethwa khona ngaphambi27. edingekayo, ngamanani agxile kakhulu futhi ahambisanayo.Lokhu kufinyelelwa ngokwakha izinto zokunamathela eziyingqayizivele ezifana ne-graphene/germanium28, idayimane elimnyama29 kanye ne-ZnO-doped diamond-like carbon coatings30 ezimelana namagciwane, ubuchwepheshe okukhulisa Ubuthi nokuthuthukiswa kokumelana ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-biofilm kuncipha kakhulu. Ukunciphisa kuya ngokuya kuthandwa kakhulu.Nakuba zontathu lezi zinqubo zikwazi ukukhiqiza imiphumela elwa namagciwane ezindaweni ezimboziwe, ngayinye inesethi yayo yemikhawulo okufanele icatshangelwe lapho kwakhiwa amasu okufaka isicelo.
Imikhiqizo okwamanje emakethe ithikamezwa isikhathi esinganele sokuhlaziya kanye nokuhlola okokuvikela okuvikelayo kwezithako ezisebenza ngebhayoloji.Izinkampani zithi imikhiqizo yazo izohlinzeka abasebenzisi ngezici zokusebenza ezifiselekayo;kodwa-ke, lokhu kube isithiyo empumelelweni yemikhiqizo ekhona njengamanje emakethe.Izinhlanganisela ezithathwe esiliva zisetshenziswa eningini elikhulu lemithi yokwelapha elwa namagciwane manje etholakala kubathengi.Le mikhiqizo yenzelwe ukuvikela abasebenzisi emiphumeleni engaba yingozi yama-microorganisms.Umphumela obambezelekile we-antimicrobial kanye nobuthi obuhambisanayo bezinhlanganisela zesiliva kwandisa ingcindezi kubacwaningi ukuba bathuthukise i-antimicrobial6 esebenzayo emhlabeni jikelele futhi elimazayo37. kusabonakala kuwumsebenzi onzima kakhulu.Lokhu kungenxa yezingozi ezihambisana nakho kokubili impilo nokuphepha.Ukuthola i-ejenti elwa namagciwane engaba yingozi kangako kubantu kanye nokuthola ukuthi ingasihlanganisa kanjani nama-substrates aneshelufu isikhathi eside kuwumgomo ofunwa kakhulu38.I-antimicrobial yakamuva kanye ne-anti-biofilm materials at the active material can klanywa after a active bacteriumIzinto ezisetshenziswayo zingaklanywa ngemva kohlobo lwe-bacteria. ukuvimbela ukunamathela kokuqala kwebhaktheriya (okuhlanganisa ukumelana nokwakheka kongqimba lweprotheyini ebusweni) noma ngokubulala amagciwane ngokuphazamisa udonga lweseli.
Ngokuyisisekelo, ukumboza okungaphezulu kuyinqubo yokubeka olunye ungqimba ebusweni bengxenye ukuze kuthuthukiswe izimfanelo ezihlobene nendawo.Inhloso yokumboza indawo engaphezulu iwukuhlanganisa i-microstructure kanye/noma ukwakheka kwesifunda esiseduze nendawo engaphansi kwengxenye39.Izindlela zokumboza ezingaphezulu zingahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ezifingqiwe ku-Fig. ukunamathela.
(a) Isethaphu esibonisa izindlela zokwenziwa eziyinhloko ezisetshenziselwa indawo ephezulu, kanye (b) nezinzuzo ezikhethiwe kanye nokubi zendlela yesifutho esibandayo.
Ubuchwepheshe besifutho esibandayo buhlanganyela okuningi ngokufana nezindlela ezivamile zesifutho esishisayo. Nokho, kukhona nezinye izici ezibalulekile ezenza inqubo yesifutho esibandayo kanye nezinto zokufutha ezibandayo zihluke ngokukhethekile. Ubuchwepheshe besifutho esibandayo busencane, kodwa bunekusasa eliqhakazile. Kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, izici eziyingqayizivele zesifutho esibandayo zinikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu, ukweqa imikhawulo yemvelo yemikhawulo evamile yesifutho esishisayo, lapho isifutho sempushana sinikeza ukuhleleka okubalulekile kwendlela yobuchwepheshe be-thermal okufanele bunqobe ngayo indlela yokufutha okushisayo. ukufaka ku-substrate.Ngokusobala, le nqubo yokwemboza yendabuko ayifanele izinto ezizwela ukushisa kakhulu njengama-nanocrystals, ama-nanoparticles, i-amorphous kanye nezingilazi ze-metallic40, 41, 42.Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokumboza ezishisayo zihlala zibonisa amazinga aphezulu e-porosity nama-oxides.Ubuchwepheshe besifutho esibandayo bunezinzuzo eziningi ezibalulekile (ubuchwepheshe be-spray) bunezinzuzo eziningi ezibalulekile (ubuchwepheshe bokufakelwa kwe-spray) bunezinzuzo eziningi eziphawulekayo ze-sprayi. ekukhetheni ukumbozwa kwe-substrate, (iii) ukungabi khona kwenguquko yesigaba nokukhula kokusanhlamvu, (iv) amandla ebhondi ephezulu1,39 (I-Fig.I-2b) Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zokumboza ezibandayo zinokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, amandla aphezulu nobulukhuni, ukuqhutshwa kagesi okuphezulu kanye nokuminyana okuphezulu41.Ngokuphambene nezinzuzo zenqubo yokufafaza okubandayo, kusenezinkinga ezithile zokusebenzisa le nqubo, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 2b.Lapho umboza ama-powders e-ceramic ahlanzekile afana ne-Al2O3, i-TiO2, i-spray esetshenzisiwe, i-WCn esetshenzisiwe, indlela ye-ceramic njll ayikwazi ukubanda, i-WnO2, enye indlela ye-ceramic. izimpushana eziyinhlanganisela ye-tal zingasetshenziswa njengezinto ezingavuthiwe zokumboza.Kungokufanayo nakwezinye izindlela zokufutha ezishisayo.Izindawo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezindawo zamapayipi angaphakathi kusenzima ukufutha.
Njengoba umsebenzi wamanje uhlose ukusebenzisa izimpushana eziyingilazi ezisansimbi njengezinto zokumboza ezingavuthiwe, kuyacaca ukuthi ukufuthwa okujwayelekile okushisayo ngeke kusetshenziselwe le njongo.Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izimpushana eziyingilazi ezisansimbi ziyacwebezela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu1.
Amathuluzi amaningi asetshenziswa ezimbonini zezokwelapha nezokudla enziwe ngama-alloys ensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic (SUS316 kanye ne-SUS304) anokuqukethwe kwe-chromium phakathi kuka-12 no-20 wt% wokukhiqiza amathuluzi okuhlinza. Kuyavunywa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwensimbi ye-chromium njengengxube yensimbi engamelana nensimbi kungathuthukisa kakhulu ingxubevange yensimbi engama-alloys ama-alloys ensimbi. naphezu kokumelana nokugqwala okukhulu, akubonisi izakhiwo eziphawulekayo ze-antimicrobial38,39.Lokhu kuphambene nokumelana kwabo okuphezulu kokugqwala.Ngemva kwalokhu, ukuthuthukiswa kokutheleleka nokuvuvukala kungabikezelwa, okubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukunamathela kwebhaktheriya kanye nekoloni ebusweni bensimbi engagqwali biomaterials.Izinkinga ezinkulu zingase ziphakame ngenxa yobunzima obubalulekile bezempilo, ukwakheka kwebhaktheriya okungase kuvele ngenxa yobunzima obubalulekile bezempilo, ukwakheka kwebhaktheriya, ukwakheka kwebhaktheriya kanye ne-biofilm. ingase ibe nemiphumela eminingi engase ibe nomthelela ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile empilweni yomuntu.
Lolu cwaningo luyisigaba sokuqala sephrojekthi exhaswe yi-Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KFAS), Contract No. 2010-550401, ukuphenya ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukukhiqiza i-metallic glassy Cu-Zr-Ni ternary powders usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-MA (Ithebula 1 ) ukukhiqizwa kwefilimu elwa namagciwane / i-SUS304 yesigaba sesibili sokuvikela iphrojekthi ye-3. izici ze-electrochemical corrosion kanye nemishini yesistimu ngokuningiliziwe.Ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwe-microbiological kuzokwenziwa ezinhlotsheni zamabhaktheriya ahlukene.
Kuleli phepha, kuxoxiwe ngomthelela we-Zr alloying element ekhonweni lokwenza ingilazi (GFA) kuxoxwa ngakho ngokusekelwe ezicini ze-morphological and structural. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo ezilwa namagciwane ze-coated metallic glass powder coating/SUS304 composite nazo zaxoxwa. .Njengezibonelo ezimele, i-Cu50Zr30Ni20 kanye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 ingxube yengilazi yensimbi isetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo.
Kulesi sigaba, izinguquko ze-morphological of elemental Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni powders ekugayweni kwebhola lamandla aphansi ziyavezwa.Njengezibonelo ezibonisayo, izinhlelo ezimbili ezihlukene ezihlanganisa i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 zizosetshenziswa njengezibonelo ezimele.Inqubo ye-MA ingahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezintathu ezihlukene, njengoba kuboniswa yisiteji sokugaya i-metallographic ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuhluzwa kwe-metallographic.
Izici ze-Metallographic ze-mechanical alloy (MA) izimpushana ezitholwe ngemva kwezigaba ezihlukene zesikhathi sokugaya ibhola.Izithombe ze-electron microscopy (FE-SEM) ze-MA kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezitholwe ngemva kwezikhathi zokugaya ibhola zamandla aphansi angu-3, ​​12 kanye namahora angu-50 ziboniswa ku-(a), (c) kuhlelo lwe-Cupo, kanye ne-(e) ye-Cupo ye-M20 efanayo uhlelo lwe-Cu50Zr40Ni10 oluthathwe ngemva kwesikhathi luboniswa ku-(b), (d) kanye no-(f).
Ngesikhathi sokugaya ibhola, amandla e-kinetic asebenzayo angadluliselwa ku-powder yensimbi athintwa ukuhlanganiswa kwemingcele, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 1a.Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwamabhola nama-powders, ukugunda okucindezelayo kwe-powder eboshwe phakathi noma phakathi kwemidiya yokugaya, umthelela wamabhola awelayo, ukugunda nokugqoka ngenxa yokudonsa kwempushana phakathi kokuhamba kwebhola lokugaya lisakaza imidiya ye-Fall, ukushaqeka kwe-wave ye-Cutting. I-Zr, ne-Ni powders yayikhubazekile kakhulu ngenxa yokushisela okubandayo ekuqaleni kwe-MA (3 h), okuholela ezinhlayiyeni ezinkulu zempushana (> 1 mm ububanzi) .Lezi zinhlayiya ezinkulu eziyinhlanganisela zibonakala ngokwakhiwa kwezingqimba eziwugqinsi zezakhi ze-alloying (Cu, Zr, Ni), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3a, b. ll, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwempushana eyinhlanganisela ibe izimpushana ezicolekile (ngaphansi kuka-200 µm), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3c,d.Kulesi sigaba, amandla okugunda asetshenziswayo aholela ekwakhekeni kwendawo entsha yensimbi enezingqimba ezinhle ze-Cu, Zr, Ni hint, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 3c,d.
Emvuthwandaba wenqubo ye-MA (ngemuva kwamahora angu-50), i-metallography ene-flaky yayibonakala kancane (Fig. 3e, f), kodwa indawo epholile ye-powder ibonise i-million metallography yesibuko.Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo ye-MA isiqediwe futhi ukwakhiwa kwesigaba esisodwa sokusabela sekwenzekile.Ukwakheka okuyisisekelo kwezifunda ezikhonjiswe ku-Fig. 3e (I, i-vFE, i-elektroni ye-elektroni) kunqunywa i-fig. M) kuhlanganiswe ne-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) (IV).
Kuthebula lesi-2, ukugxiliswa kwe-elemental kwezakhi ze-alloying kuboniswa njengephesenti lesisindo esiphelele sesifunda ngasinye esikhethwe ku-Fig. 3e,f.Lapho kuqhathaniswa le miphumela neziqalo eziqanjiwe ze-Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr40Ni10 ezisohlwini lweThebula 1, kungabonakala ukuthi ukwakheka kwalawa manani ahambisanayo namanye amavelu amabili ahambisanayo ahambisanayo kakhulu nenani elifanayo neleminye imikhiqizo emibili. ezifundeni ezibalwe ku-Fig. 3e,f akusho ukuwohloka okuphawulekayo noma ukuguquguquka ekubunjweni kwesampula ngayinye ukusuka esifundeni esisodwa kuya kwesinye.Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi alukho ushintsho ekubunjweni kwesifunda ukusuka kwesinye kuya kwesinye.Lokhu kukhomba ekukhiqizeni ama-powder alloy alloy, njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula lesi-2.
I-FE-SEM micrographs yomkhiqizo wokugcina i-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) powder atholwe ngemva kwezikhathi ezingu-50 MA, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 4a–d, lapho u-x engu-10, 20, 30 kanye no-40 ku-.%, ngokulandelana.Ngemva kwalesi sinyathelo sokugaya, impushana ihlanganisa ngenxa yokwakheka komphumela omkhulu we-vanneder izinhlayiya ezinobubanzi obusuka ku-73 kuya ku-126 nm, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4.
Izici ze-morphological ze-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) izimpushana ezitholwe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50.Okwe-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30, izinhlelo ze-Cu50Zr10Ni40, izithombe ze-FE-SEM zezimpushana ezitholwe ngemva kwezikhathi ezingu-50), (izikhathi ezilandelanayo) (i-MA).
Ngaphambi kokulayisha ama-powder ku-feeder yesifutho esibandayo, aqale afakwa kwi-ethanol ebangeni lokuhlaziya imizuzu engu-15 bese omiswa ku-150 ° C amahora angu-2. Lesi sinyathelo kufanele sithathwe ukuze silwe ngokuphumelelayo ne-agglomeration evame ukudala izinkinga eziningi ezibalulekile phakathi nenqubo yokumboza. ama-micrographs kanye nemifanekiso ehambisanayo ye-EDS yezakhi ze-Cu, Zr kanye ne-Ni ye-alloying ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 ingxubevange etholwe ngemva kwamahora angu-50 we-M isikhathi, ngokulandelanayo.Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ama-alloy powders akhiqizwa ngemva kwalesi sinyathelo ayafana njengoba engabonisi noma yikuphi ukuguquguquka kokuqamba okungaphezu kwezinga le-sub-nanogure, njengoba kubonisiwe.
I-Morphology kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwe-elemental kwasendaweni kwe-MG Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder etholwe ngemva kwezikhathi ezingu-50 MA nge-FE-SEM/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).(a) I-SEM ne-X-ray EDS yokwenza imephu (b) Cu-Kα, (c) Zr-Lα kanye (d) nezithombe ze-Ni-Kα.
Amaphethini e-XRD wezimpushana ezixutshwe ngomshini i-Cu50Zr40Ni10, Cu50Zr30Ni20, Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye ne-Cu50Zr20Ni30 ezitholwe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50 aboniswa ku-Fig. 6a–d, ngokulandelana. 6.
Amaphethini e-XRD (a) e-Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye (d) nama-Cu50Zr20Ni30 wezimpushana ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50. Wonke amasampuli ngaphandle kokukhetha abonise iphethini yokusabalalisa kwe-halo, okusho ukwakheka kwesigaba se-amorphous.
I-Field emission high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM) yasetshenziselwa ukubuka izinguquko zesakhiwo nokuqonda isakhiwo sendawo sezimpushana ezivela ekugayweni kwebhola ngezikhathi ezihlukene ze-MA.Izithombe ze-FE-HRTEM zezimpushana ezitholwe ngemva kwezigaba zokuqala (6 h) nezimaphakathi (18 h) zokugaya ze-Cu50ZrNi020c5020c zempushana ezikhonjisiwe ku-Cu50ZrNi020c3020C. , ngokulandelana.Ngokwesithombe sensimu ekhanyayo (BFI) yempushana ekhiqizwa ngemva kwe-MA 6 h, impushana yenziwe ngezinhlamvu ezinkulu ezinemingcele echazwe kahle yezakhi fcc-Cu, hcp-Zr kanye ne-fcc-Ni, futhi asikho isibonakaliso sokuthi isigaba sokusabela senziwe, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 7a.I-a. iphethini ye-cusp diffraction (Fig. 7b), ebonisa ukuba khona kwamakristalu amakhulu kanye nokungabikho kwesigaba esisebenzayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesakhiwo sendawo yempushana ye-MA etholwe ngemva kwezigaba zangaphambi kwesikhathi (amahora angu-6) naphakathi (amahora angu-18).(a) Ukukhishwa kwensimu okuphumayo kokudluliswa kwe-electron microscopy (FE-HRTEM), kanye (b) nephethini ehambisanayo yendawo ekhethiwe yokuhlukanisa (i-SADP) ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder ngemva kokwelashwa kwe-MA amahora angu-6. kuboniswa ku-(c).
Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 7c, ukwandisa ubude be-MA ku-18 h kubangele ukukhubazeka okunzima kwe-lattice kuhlanganiswe nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki.Phakathi nalesi sigaba esiphakathi senqubo ye-MA, i-powder ibonisa ukukhubazeka okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amaphutha e-stacking, ukukhubazeka kwe-lattice, nokukhubazeka kwamaphuzu (Umfanekiso 7) .Lezi ziphambeko zibangela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu ezincane kunezinhlamvu ezincane ze-20. 7c).
Isakhiwo sendawo se-Cu50Z30Ni20 powder egaywe isikhathi esingu-36 h MA sinokwakheka kwe-ultrafine nanograins efakwe ku-matrix emihle ye-amorphous, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 8a.Ukuhlaziywa kwe-EDS yendawo kubonise ukuthi lawo ma-nanocluster aboniswe ku-Fig. I-2 ku-
Ngalé kuka-36 h-Cu50Zr30Ni20 izici zesakhiwo sendawo ye-powder nanoscale.(a) Isithombe senkundla esikhanyayo (BFI) nesihambisanayo (b) ne-SADP ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 powder etholwe ngemva kokugaya isikhathi esingu-36 h MA.
Ngasekupheleni kwenqubo ye-MA (50 h), Cu50(Zr50−xNix), X;I-10, 20, 30 kanye ne-40 ku-.% izimpushana ngokungaguquki zine-labyrinthine amorphous phase morphology njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 9a-d .Ku-SADP ehambisanayo yokubunjwa ngakunye, akukho ukuhluka okufana nephuzu noma amaphethini abukhali e-annular ayengatholwa.Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ayikho i-crystalline amorphous phase morphology ebonisa i-coomorphous crystalline i-SADP ekhona, i-SADP eyimpushana ekhona. amaphethini e-ffusion nawo asetshenziswa njengobufakazi bokuthuthukiswa kwezigaba ze-amorphous kumpahla yokugcina yomkhiqizo.
Isakhiwo sendawo somkhiqizo wokugcina wohlelo lwe-MG Cu50 (Zr50−xNix).FE-HRTEM kanye namaphethini ahlobene we-nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ye-(a) Cu50Zr40Ni10, (b) Cu50Zr30Ni20, (c) Cu50Zr20Ni30 kanye (d) etholwe ngemva kwe-MA50Ni30 ye-MA50Zr kanye (d) ne-10 Cu5Ni30 Zr (d)
Ukuzinza okushisayo kwezinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg), indawo ewuketshezi engaphansi (ΔTx) kanye nezinga lokushisa elicwebezelayo (Tx) njengomsebenzi wokuqukethwe kwe-Ni (x) yohlelo lwe-amorphous Cu50(Zr50−xNix) kuphenywe kusetshenziswa ukuskena okuhlukile kweCalorimetry (DSC) yezakhiwo ezingaphansi kokugeleza kwe-He gas of 40Ni02Zces Cu502ZC kanye ne-DSC 501ZC502ZC kanye ne-DSC 5. I-Cu50Zr10Ni40 i-amorphous alloy powders etholwe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50 ikhonjiswe ku-Fig. 10a, b, e, ngokulandelanayo.Ngenkathi ijika le-DSC le-amorphous Cu50Zr20Ni30 liboniswa ngokwehlukana ku-Fig. 10c.Ngaleso sikhathi, isampula ye-Cu50Zr30 iboniswe ku-DSC ~ 0 ku-DSC.
Ukuzinza okushisayo kwezimpushana ze-Cu50(Zr50−xNix) MG ezitholwe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50, njengoba kukhonjiswe ngezinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi (Tg), izinga lokushisa elicwebezelayo (Tx), nendawo ewuketshezi epholile (ΔTx).I-Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) thermograms ye-(a) Cu050Zr5000,40000000 Cu50Zr5000,4 Cu050Zr5000 (4) Cu050Zr50 (4) Cu050Zr5000 (4) Cu050Zr5000 (4) Cu50Zr50000000Zr4000 (4) I-Zr20Ni30 kanye (e) ne-Cu50Zr10Ni40 MG ye-alloy powders ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50. Iphethini ye-X-ray diffraction (XRD) yesampula ye-Cu50Zr30Ni20 eshiselwe ku-~700 °C ku-DSC iboniswa ku-(d).
Njengoba kuboniswe kumfanekiso we-10, amajika e-DSC azo zonke izingoma ezinokugxilwa kwe-Ni (x) abonisa izimo ezimbili ezihlukene, enye i-endothermic kanye nenye exothermic.Isenzakalo sokuqala se-endothermic sihambisana ne-Tg, kuyilapho okwesibili sihlobene ne-Tx.Isifunda se-span esivundlile esikhona phakathi kwe-Tg ne-Tx sibizwa ngokuthi i-subcooled liquid region kanye ne-Tx5 yesifunda se-Tx -Tgx ibonisa ukuthi Tx isifunda se-Tx -Tgx se-Tx sibonisa ukuthi i-Txr Tx (Tx) Isampula ye-40Ni10 (I-Fig. 10a), ibekwe ku-526°C naku-612°C, hambisa okuqukethwe (x) kuya ku-20 at.% kuya ohlangothini lwezinga lokushisa eliphansi lika-482°C no-563°C nokuqukethwe kwe-Ni okwandayo (x), ngokulandelana , njengoba kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 10b.Ngenxa yalokho, i-CuNi01 ye-Cu501C ye-Cu501 yehle ye-Cu501Tx4 ye-CuNi101 Tx4 ) kuya ku-81 °C ku-Cu50Zr30Ni20 (Fig. 10b). Ku-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10 ingxubevange, kuphinde kwaphawulwa ukuthi amanani e-Tg, Tx kanye ne-ΔTx ehle aze afike ezingeni lika-447°C, 526°C kanye no-79°C (Lokhu kubonisa ukwehla kokuqukethwe kwe-MG kuya ku-10). ingxubevange.Ngokuphambene, inani le-Tg (507 °C) lengxubevange ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 liphansi kunalelo lengxubevange ye-MG Cu50Zr40Ni10;noma kunjalo, i-Tx yayo ibonisa inani eliqhathaniswa nelokuqala (612 ° C). Ngakho-ke, i-ΔTx ibonisa inani eliphakeme (87 ° C), njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 10c.
Uhlelo lwe-MG Cu50(Zr50−xNix), oluthatha ingxubevange ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengesibonelo, lucwebezela ngokuphakama okubukhali kwe-exothermic lungene ezigabeni zekristalu ze-fcc-ZrCu5, i-orthorhombic-Zr7Cu10 kanye ne-orthorhombic-ZrNi30 i-orthorhombic-ZrNiction iqinisekiswe nge-crystal phase ye-XMGR ye-crystal transaction. isampula (Fig. 10d), eyashisisa yaba ngu-700 °C ku-DSC.
Umfanekiso we-11 ubonisa izithombe ezithathwe ngesikhathi senqubo yokufuthwa okubandayo eyenziwa emsebenzini wamanje.Kulolu cwaningo, izinhlayiya zensimbi ezifana nengilazi ye-powder ezihlanganiswe ngemva kwesikhathi se-MA samahora angu-50 (kuthatha i-Cu50Zr20Ni30 njengesibonelo) zasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa kwe-antibacterial, futhi ipuleti lensimbi engagqwali (SUS304) lalimbozwe ngokubandayo indlela yokufutha ngobuchwepheshe obubandayo obufuthayo. indlela ochungechungeni lwesifutho esishisayo futhi ingasetshenziselwa izinto ezizwelayo zensimbi ze-metastable ezifana nezimpushana ze-amorphous kanye ne-nanocrystalline, ezingekho ngaphansi koshintsho lwesigaba .Lesi isici esiyinhloko ekukhetheni le ndlela.Inqubo yesifutho esibandayo yenziwa ngokusebenzisa izinhlayiya zesivinini esikhulu eziguqula amandla e-kinetic ezinhlayiyana zibe ukuwohloka kwepulasitiki, idiphozithi yezinhlayiyana noma umthelela we-substrate ngaphambilini.
Izithombe zasensimini zibonisa inqubo yesifutho esibandayo esisetshenziselwa amalungiselelo amahlanu alandelanayo we-MG coating/SUS 304 ku-550 °C.
Amandla we-kinetic wezinhlayiya, futhi ngaleyo ndlela umfutho wezinhlayiyana ngayinye ekubunjweni kokugqoka, kufanele uguqulwe ube ezinye izinhlobo zamandla ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezifana ne-plastic deformation (izinhlayiya zokuqala kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiyana ku-substrate kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinhlayiyana), i-voids Consolidation, i-particle-particle rotation, i-strain futhi ekugcineni iguqule ukushisa ku-39. ukungqubuzana okunwebekayo, okusho ukuthi izinhlayiya zivele zibuyele emuva ngemva komthelela.Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi u-90% wamandla omthelela asetshenziswa entweni eyizinhlayiyana/substrate aguqulwa abe ukushisa kwendawo 40 .Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho kusetshenziswa ukucindezeleka komthelela, amazinga aphezulu e-plastic strain afinyelelwa endaweni yezinhlayiyana/substrate ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu41,42.
Ukuguqulwa kwePlastiki ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengenqubo yokuchithwa kwamandla, noma ikakhulukazi, umthombo wokushisa endaweni ye-interfacial.Nokho, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa endaweni ehlangene ngokuvamile akwanele ukukhiqiza ukuncibilika kobuso noma ukukhuthaza kakhulu ukuxubana kwe-athomu.Akukho ukushicilelwa okwaziwa abalobi okuphenya umphumela wezakhiwo zalezi zimpushana zengilazi zensimbi ezisetshenziswayo lapho kusetshenziswa i-powder ukunamathela.
I-BFI ye-MG Cu50Zr20Ni30 i-alloy powder ingabonakala ku-Fig. 12a, eyayimbozwe ku-substrate ye-SUS 304 (Fig. 11, 12b) .Njengoba kungabonwa emfanekisweni, ama-powders aboshwe agcina isakhiwo sawo sokuqala se-amorphous njengoba anesakhiwo esibucayi se-labyrinth noma i-latti enesici se-labyrinth ngaphandle kwesithombe se-latti isigaba se-ous, njengoba kuphakanyiswe ama-nanoparticles afakwe ku-MG-coated powder matrix (Fig. 12a) .Umfanekiso we-12c ubonisa iphethini ye-indexed nanobeam diffraction (NBDP) ehlotshaniswa nesifunda I (Figure 12a) .Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 12c, i-NBDP ibonisa i-patches ye-copex ebukhali ehambisana ne-coromorphic i-halomorphous isakhiwo esibuthakathaka esihambisana ne-haloph Isigaba se-Zr2Ni metastable plus tetragonal CuO. Ukwakheka kwe-CuO kungase kubangelwe ukucwiliswa kwempushana lapho uhamba usuka emlonyeni wesibhamu sokufuthwa uya ku-SUS 304 emoyeni ovulekile ngaphansi kokugeleza okukhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhlukaniswa kwezimpushana eziyingilazi zensimbi kufinyelele ekwakhekeni kwesifutho esikhulu se-50 ° C sesigaba esibandayo se-cubic engu-5 ° C.
(a) Isithombe se-FE-HRTEM se-MG powder esifakwe ku-(b) SUS 304 substrate (inset of figure).Inkomba ye-NBDP yophawu oluyisiyingi oluboniswe ku-(a) iboniswa ku-(c).
Ukuqinisekisa le ndlela engase ibe khona yokwakhiwa kwe-cubic Zr2Ni nanoparticles enkulu, ukuhlolwa okuzimele kwenziwa.Kulolu cwaningo, ama-powders afuthwe kusuka kusibhamu se-spray ku-550 ° C ekuqondeni kwe-substrate ye-SUS 304;noma kunjalo, ukuze kucaciswe umphumela wokukhipha ama-powders, asuswa emgqeni we-SUS304 ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka (cishe imizuzwana engu-60).Enye isethi yokuhlola yenziwa lapho impushana ikhishwe ku-substrate cishe imizuzwana engu-180 ngemva kokufakwa.
Izibalo 13a,b zibonisa izithombe zenkundla emnyama (DFI) ezitholwe ngokuskena i-electron microscopy (STEM) yezinto ezimbili ezifuthwe ezifakwe ku-SUS 304 substrates amasekhondi angu-60 kanye nama-180 s, ngokulandelana. , njengoba kuboniswa i-diffraction maxima ebanzi eyinhloko neyesibili ekhonjiswe ku-Figure 14a.Lokhu kubonisa ukungabikho kwemvula ye-metastable/mesophase, lapho i-powder igcina isakhiwo sayo sokuqala se-amorphous.Ngokuphambene, i-powder efafazwe ngezinga lokushisa elifanayo (550 ° C), kodwa ishiywe ku-substrate ye-180 s, ibonise okusanhlamvu oku-narrow3 ku-arrow3. .