Amaphrothokholi okuhlola ahlukahlukene (uBrinell, Rockwell, Vickers) anezinqubo eziqondene nephrojekthi evivinywayo.Ukuhlolwa kwe-Rockwell T kufanelekile ukuhlola amashubhu odongeni olula ngokusika ishubhu ngobude nokuhlola udonga ukusuka kububanzi obungaphakathi kunobubanzi obungaphandle.
Uku-oda ishubhu kufana nokuya endaweni ethengisa izimoto noku-oda imoto noma iloli. Namuhla, izinketho eziningi ezitholakalayo zivumela abathengi ukuthi benze imoto ngendlela oyifisayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene - imibala yangaphakathi nengaphandle, amaphakheji wokunquma ingaphakathi, izinketho zesitayela sangaphandle, izinketho ze-powertrain, kanye nesistimu yomsindo ecishe imelene nesistimu yokuzijabulisa yasekhaya. Uma ubheka zonke lezi zinketho ngezinga elijwayelekile, ungase unganeliseki.
Amapayipi ensimbi anjalo nje.Anezinkulungwane zezinketho noma ukucaciswa.Ngaphezu kobukhulu, imininingwane ibala amakhemikhali kanye nezakhiwo eziningana zemishini ezifana namandla esivuno esincane (MYS), amandla okugcina eqinile (UTS), kanye nokwelulwa okuncane ngaphambi kokuhluleka.Kodwa-ke, abaningi embonini—onjiniyela, ama-ejenti okuthenga, nabakhiqizi—basebenzisa amashodi embonini amukelekile adinga ukusetshenziswa kwephayiphi eliqinile elilodwa kuphela.
Zama uku-oda imoto ngesici esisodwa (“Ngidinga imoto enomshini ozishintshayo”) futhi ngeke uze kude kakhulu nomthengisi.Kufanele agcwalise ifomu loku-oda ngezinto eziningi ongakhetha kuzo. Ipayipi yilokho nje - ukuze uthole ipayipi elifanele lesicelo, umkhiqizi wamapayipi udinga ulwazi olwengeziwe kunobulukhuni nje.
Ubulukhuni buba kanjani indawo eyaziwayo esikhundleni sezinye izici zemishini?Mhlawumbe buqale ngomkhiqizi wamapayipi.Ngenxa yokuthi ukuhlola ubulukhuni kuyashesha, kulula, futhi kudinga okokusebenza okungabizi kakhulu, abathengisi bamashubhu bavame ukusebenzisa ukuhlola ubulukhuni ukuze baqhathanise amashubhu amabili.Ukuze benze ukuhlolwa kokuqina, abakudingayo nje ubude obushelelezi bepayipi nesitendi sokuhlola.
Ukuqina kweshubhu kuhlobana kahle ne-UTS, futhi njengomthetho wesithupha, amaphesenti noma ububanzi bamaphesenti buwusizo ekulinganiseni i-MYS, ngakho-ke kulula ukubona ukuthi ukuhlola ubulukhuni kungaba kanjani ummeleli ofanelekayo wezinye izakhiwo.
Futhi, okunye ukuhlola kuyinkimbinkimbi. Nakuba ukuhlola ubulukhuni kuthatha umzuzu owodwa noma ngaphezulu emshinini owodwa, i-MYS, i-UTS nokuhlolwa kobude kudinga ukulungiswa kwesampula kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okubalulekile emishinini emikhulu yaselabhorethri.Uma kuqhathaniswa, kuthatha imizuzwana ngo-opharetha we-tube Mill ukuthi enze ukuhlolwa kobulukhuni kanye namahora ukuze uchwepheshe we-metallurgical enze ukuhlola okuqinile akunzima.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi abakhiqizi bamapayipi angonjiniyela abakusebenzisi ukuhlola ubulukhuni.Kuphephile ukusho ukuthi abantu abaningi bayakwenza lokho, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi benza ukuhlola kokuphindaphindwa kwegeji kanye nokukhiqiza kabusha kuwo wonke amathuluzi abo okuhlola, bayazi kahle imikhawulo yokuhlolwa.Iningi lisetshenziswa ukuhlola ubulukhuni beshubhu njengengxenye yenqubo yokukhiqiza, kodwa abalisebenzisi ukulinganisa izici zeshubhu/fail kuphela.
Kungani udinga ukwazi nge-MYS, UTS kanye nobude obuncane?Zibonisa ukuthi ishubhu lizoziphatha kanjani ekuhlanganiseni.
I-MYS ingamandla amancane abangela ukuguqulwa okuhlala njalo kwezinto ezibonakalayo.Uma uzama ukugoba ucingo oluqondile (njenge-hanger yejazi) kancane futhi ukhulule ukucindezela, enye yezinto ezimbili izokwenzeka: izobuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala (iqondile) noma izohlala igobile.Uma isaqondile, awukadluli i-MYS.Uma isagobile, usuke ugobile.
Manje, sebenzisa izindlawu ukuze ubambe iziphetho zombili zocingo.Uma ukwazi ukuklebhula intambo ibe yizicucu ezimbili, usungaphezu kwe-UTS yayo.Ufaka ukungezwani okukhulu kuyo futhi unezintambo ezimbili ukukhombisa umzamo wakho onamandla angaphezu kwawomuntu.Uma ubude bangempela bocingo bungamayintshi angu-5, futhi ubude obubili ngemva kokwehluleka buhlanganisa ama-intshi angu-6, intambo yokulinganisa ngama-intshi angu-20 inwetshiwe ngaphakathi kwe-intshi engu-20 ubude. iphuzu lokwehluleka, kodwa noma yini - umqondo wokudonsa ucingo ubonisa i-UTS.
Amasampula e-photomicrograph yensimbi adinga ukusikwa, apholishwe, futhi agxishwe kusetshenziswa isixazululo esine-acidic kancane (imvamisa i-nitric acid notshwala (i-nitroethanol)) ukuze kwenziwe izinhlamvu zibonakale.Ukukhulisa okungu-100x kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola izinhlamvu zensimbi nokunquma usayizi wokusanhlamvu.
Ukuqina kuwukuhlola ukuthi into ethile isabela kanjani emthelela.Zicabange ufaka isiqephu esifushane sepayipi ku-vise enemihlathi exubile futhi uphendulela i-vise ukuze ivaleke.Ngaphezu kokwenza ishubhu isicaba, imihlathi ye-vise ibuye ishiye ama-indent ebusweni beshubhu.
Kusebenza kanjalo ukuhlolwa kokuqina, kodwa akulukhuni kangako.Lokhu kuhlolwa kunosayizi womthelela olawulwayo kanye nokucindezela okulawulwayo.Lawa mandla akhubaza indawo engaphezulu, enze ukuhlehlisa noma ukuhlehlisa.Usayizi noma ukujula kokuhlehlisa kunquma ubulukhuni bensimbi.
Ukuze kuhlolwe insimbi, ukuhlola kokuqina okuvamile i-Brinell, Vickers, ne-Rockwell.Ngayinye inesikali sayo, futhi ezinye zinezindlela eziningi zokuhlola, ezifana namapayipi ensimbi e-Rockwell A, B, kanye no-C.Emapayipini ensimbi, i-ASTM Specification A513 ibhekisela kuhlolo lwe-Rockwell B (efushaniswe ngokuthi i-HRB noma i-RB). umthwalo ongu-100 kgf. Umphumela ojwayelekile wensimbi ethambile evamile i-HRB 60.
Ososayensi bezinto ezibonakalayo bayazi ukuthi ubulukhuni buhlobene ngokuqondile ne-UTS.Ngakho-ke, ubulukhuni obunikeziwe bungabikezela i-UTS.Kanjalo, abakhiqizi bamashubhu bayazi ukuthi i-MYS ne-UTS kuhlobene.Emapayipini ashiselwe, i-MYS ivamise ukuba ngu-70% kuya ku-85% we-UTS. Inani eliqondile lincike kwinqubo yokwenza ishubhu. ) kanye ne-MYS ka-80%, noma 48,000 PSI.
Ukucaciswa kwepayipi okuvame kakhulu ekukhiqizeni okujwayelekile ukuqina kobukhulu obukhulu.Ngaphezu kobukhulu, unjiniyela wayekhathazeke ngokucacisa ipayipi elishiselwe ukumelana nogesi elishiselwe (ERW) ngaphakathi kwebanga elihle lokusebenza, okungase kubangele ukuqina okukhulu okungenzeka ukuthi i-HRB 60 ithole indlela yokudweba ingxenye.Lesi sinqumo sisodwa siholela ezinhlobonhlobo zezakhiwo zokugcina zemishini, kuhlanganise nobulukhuni ngokwawo.
Okokuqala, ubulukhuni be-HRB 60 abusitsheli okuningi.Ukufundwa kwe-HRB 60 inombolo engenasici.Into ehlolwe nge-HRB 59 ithambile kunento ehlolwe nge-HRB 60, futhi i-HRB 61 ilukhuni kune-HRB 60, kodwa yimalini? indawo ( ikalwa ngebanga uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi), noma i-UTS ( ikalwa ngamaphawundi ngeyintshi yesikwele). Ukufunda i-HRB 60 akusitsheli lutho oluqondile. Lena impahla yezinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa hhayi indawo ebonakalayo. Okwesibili, ukuhlola ukuqina akufanelekile ukuphindaphinda noma ukuphindaphindeka. uhlobo lokuhlolwa.Ngemva kokuba indawo isikaliwe, ayikwazi ukukalwa okwesibili ukuze kuqinisekiswe imiphumela.Ukuphinda ukuhlolwa akunakwenzeka.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukuhlola ubulukhuni akulungile.Eqinisweni, kunikeza umhlahlandlela omuhle we-UTS yezinto, futhi ukuhlola okusheshayo nokulula ukukwenza.Kodwa-ke, wonke umuntu ohilelekile ekucaciseni, ekuthengeni nasekukhiqizeni amashubhu kufanele aqaphele ukulinganiselwa kwawo njengepharamitha yokuhlola.
Ngenxa yokuthi ipayipi “elivamile” alichazwanga kahle, uma lidingeka, abakhiqizi bamapayipi bavame ukulinciphisa liye ezinhlotsheni ezimbili zepayipi zensimbi ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ezichazwe ku-ASTM A513: 1008 kanye no-1010. Ngisho nangemva kokuqeda zonke ezinye izinhlobo zamashubhu, amathuba mayelana nezakhiwo zemishini zalezi zinhlobo zamashubhu amabili avulekile.
Isibonelo, ithubhu lichazwa njengethambile uma i-MYS iphansi futhi ubude buphakeme, okusho ukuthi lenza kangcono ekuqiniseni, ukuchezuka nokusetha kuneshubhu elichazwa ngokuthi liqinile, eline-MYS ephakeme kakhulu kanye ne-elongation ephansi kakhulu.
Ukwelulwa ngokwako kungenye into enomthelela obalulekile ekufakweni kwamapayipi abalulekile.Amashubhu anobude obuphakeme angamelana namandla aqinile;izinto zokwakha ezinobude obuphansi zinokonakala kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho zithambekele kakhulu ekuhlulekeni kohlobo lokukhathala okuyinhlekelele.Nokho, ukwelulwa akuhlobene ngokuqondile ne-UTS, okuwukuphela kwempahla yomshini ehlobene ngokuqondile nobulukhuni.
Kungani izici zemishini zamashubhu zihluka kangaka?Okokuqala, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kuhlukile.Insimbi iyisixazululo esiqinile sensimbi nekhabhoni namanye ama-alloys abalulekile.Ukuze kube lula, sizobhekana kuphela namaphesenti ekhabhoni lapha.Ama-athomu ekhabhoni athatha indawo yamanye ama-athomu ensimbi, akha isakhiwo sekristalu sensimbi.I-ASTM 1008 iyinani elikhethekile lezinga elingu-1% elihlanganisa zonke i-carbon grade 0 nenani eliyisipesheli elingu-0%. ikhiqiza izici ezihlukile uma okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kunsimbi kuphansi kakhulu.I-ASTM 1010 icacisa okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni phakathi kuka-0.08% no-0.13%.Lo mehluko awubonakali mkhulu, kodwa mikhulu ngokwanele ukwenza umehluko omkhulu kwenye indawo.
Okwesibili, ipayipi lensimbi lingakhiwa noma lenziwe futhi kamuva licutshungulwe ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza eziyisikhombisa ezahlukene.I-ASTM A513 ehlobene nokukhiqizwa kwamapayipi e-ERW ibala izinhlobo eziyisikhombisa:
Uma ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali ensimbi kanye nezinyathelo zokukhiqiza ishubhu kungenamthelela ebulukhunini bensimbi, yini?Ukuphendula lo mbuzo kusho ukuhlola imininingwane.Lo mbuzo uphakamisa imibuzo emibili eyengeziwe: Imiphi imininingwane, futhi isondele kangakanani?
Imininingwane mayelana nezinhlamvu ezakha insimbi iyimpendulo yokuqala.Lapho insimbi yenziwa endaweni yokugaya insimbi eyisisekelo, ayipholi ibe yibhulokhi enkulu enesici esisodwa.Njengoba insimbi iphola, ama-molecule ensimbi ahlela ngamaphethini aphindayo (amakristalu), afana nendlela amakhekheba eqhwa akha ngayo.Ngemva kokwakhiwa kwamakristalu, ahlangana abe amaqoqo abizwa ngokuthi ama-grains, amapuleti akhulisa okusanhlamvu noma izinhlayiya ezikhulayo. s amuncwa izinhlamvu.Konke lokhu kwenzeka ezingeni le-microscopic ngoba isilinganiso sikasayizi wensimbi okusanhlamvu singama-intshi angu-64 µ noma ama-intshi angu-0.0025 ububanzi. Nakuba uhlamvu ngalunye lufana nokulandelayo, alufani.Ahluka kancane ngosayizi, umumo nokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni.I-interface ephakathi kwezinhlamvu ibizwa ngokuthi i-grain boundary.Lapho insimbi ihluleka ukuqhekeka, isibonelo, insimbi ihluleka ukuqhekeka.
Kufanele ubheke kude kangakanani ukuze ubone okusanhlamvu okubonakalayo?Ukukhulisa okungu-100x, noma ukubona komuntu okungu-100x, kwanele.Nokho, ukubuka nje insimbi engalungiswanga izikhathi eziyi-100 amandla azivezi okuningi.Isampula ilungiswa ngokupholisha isampula nokunamathisela indawo nge-asidi (imvamisa i-nitric acid notshwala) ebizwa ngokuthi i-nitchant.ethianol e
Izinhlamvu kanye ne-lattice yazo yangaphakathi enquma amandla omthelela, i-MYS, i-UTS nokwelula insimbi engamelana nayo ngaphambi kokwehluleka.
Izinyathelo zokwenza insimbi, njengokugoqa okushisayo nokubandayo kwe-strip, sebenzisa ukucindezeleka esakhiweni sokusanhlamvu;uma zishintsha unomphela ukuma, lokhu kusho ukuthi ukucindezeleka kulimaza okusanhlamvu.Ezinye izinyathelo zokucubungula, njengokugoqa insimbi ibe amakhoyili, ukuyiqaqa, kanye nokuguqula izinhlamvu zensimbi ngokusebenzisa isigayo seshubhu (ukwenza kanye nosayizi weshubhu).Ukudweba okubandayo kweshubhu ku-mandrel nakho kubeka ingcindezi ezintweni, njengoba kwenza izinyathelo zokukhiqiza ezifana nokwakheka kokuphela nokugoba.Ushintsho kusakhiwo sezinhlamvu ze-dislocation.
Izinyathelo ezingenhla ziqeda i-ductility yensimbi, okuyikhono layo lokumelana ne-tensile (ukudonsa-open) ukucindezeleka.Insimbi iba brittle, okusho ukuthi maningi amathuba okuthi iphuke uma uqhubeka nokusebenza kuyo.Ukwelulwa kuyingxenye eyodwa ye-ductility (compressibility kungenye) .Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukwehluleka kuvame ukwenzeka ngesikhathi sokucindezeleka okuqinile, hhayi ngenxa yokuthi i-stresseant resistant of tensile ephezulu kangakanani umthamo wensimbi. yakha kalula ngaphansi kwengcindezi ecindezelayo - i-ductile - okuyinzuzo.
Ukhonkolo unamandla acindezelayo aphezulu kodwa i-ductility ephansi uma kuqhathaniswa nokhonkolo.Lezi zakhiwo ziphambene nalezo zensimbi.Yingakho ukhonkolo osetshenziselwa imigwaqo, izakhiwo kanye nemigwaqo yaseceleni kuvame ukufakwa i-rebar.Umphumela uba umkhiqizo onamandla ezinto ezimbili: ngaphansi kokucindezeleka, insimbi inamandla, futhi ngaphansi kwengcindezi, ukhonkolo.
Ngesikhathi sokusebenza okubandayo, njengoba i-ductility yensimbi iyancipha, ubunzima bayo buyanda.Ngamanye amazwi, kuyoba nzima.Ngokuya ngesimo, lokhu kungase kube inzuzo;nokho-ke, kungase kube ukonakala njengoba ubulukhuni bufaniswa ne-brittleness.Okungukuthi, njengoba insimbi iba nzima, iba kancane nokunwebeka;ngakho-ke, maningi amathuba okuthi ahluleke.
Ngamanye amazwi, isinyathelo ngasinye senqubo sisebenzisa okunye ukudumba kwepayipi.Iya iba nzima njengoba ingxenye isebenza, futhi uma iqine kakhulu ayinamsebenzi.Ukuqina kuwubukhazikhazi, futhi ishubhu eliphukayo cishe lingahluleka uma lisetshenziswa.
Ingabe umkhiqizi unazo izinketho kulesi simo? Ngamafuphi, yebo. Leyo nketho iyanciphisa, futhi nakuba ingewona umlingo ngempela, iseduze nomlingo ngendlela ongayithola.
Ngokwemibandela ye-layman, i-annealing isusa yonke imiphumela yokucindezeleka ngokomzimba ensimbi.Le nqubo ishisa insimbi ekunciphiseni ukucindezeleka noma ukushisa kabusha kwe-recrystallization, ngaleyo ndlela kuqedwe ukuhlukana.Ngokuya ngezinga lokushisa elithile kanye nesikhathi esisetshenziswe kwinqubo yokudonsa, inqubo ngaleyo ndlela ibuyisela enye noma yonke i-ductility yayo.
Ukupholisa okune-anneal kanye nokulawulwayo kukhuthaza ukukhula okusanhlamvu.Lokhu kunenzuzo uma inhloso kuwukunciphisa ukubola kwento, kodwa ukukhula okungalawuleki okusanhlamvu kungathambisa insimbi kakhulu, kuyenze ingasebenziseki ekusetshenzisweni kwayo okuhlosiwe.Ukumisa inqubo yokuhushula kungenye into eseduze nemilingo.Ukucisha ezingeni lokushisa elilungile nge-ejenti yokucisha elungile kuletha izici ezisheshayo ekubuyiseleni insimbi ngesikhathi esifanele.
Ingabe kufanele silahle imininingwane yokuqina?
Kodwa-ke, akulona uhlolo lwangempela lwezinto ezifanelekayo (zokwamukela noma ukwenqaba). Ngaphezu kokuqina, abakhiqizi kufanele ngezikhathi ezithile bahlole ukuthunyelwa ukuze banqume ezinye izakhiwo ezifanele, njenge-MYS, UTS, noma ubude obuncane, kuye ngokusetshenziswa kweshubhu.
Wynn H. Kearns is responsible for regional sales for Indiana Tube Corp., 2100 Lexington Road, Evansville, IN 47720, 812-424-9028, wkearns@indianatube.com, www.indianatube.com.
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