Kuyaqabula futhi kuyamangaza ukuthi abadwebi begalari u-James Payne no-Joan Sherwell bakhethe ukumela abaculi abathathu baseNew York ochungechungeni lwabo lwe-Great Cities of Art Explained.
Laba banumzane babezoba yisinqumo esisobala, nakuba oyedwa kuphela kwabathathu, uBasquiat, owayengowokuzalwa eNew York.
Ama-expressionists amathathu avela eNew York - u-Lee Krasner, u-Elaine de Kooning no-Helen Frankenthaler.
Igalelo lalaba besifazane embuthweni belilikhulu kakhulu, kodwa u-Krasner no-de Kooning bachithe ingxenye enkulu yemisebenzi yabo besethunzini labayeni babo abadumile, izazi zenkulumo ezingaqondakali uJackson Pollock noWillem de Kooning.
I-New York Abstract Expressionism yagumbuqela iParis njengesikhungo somhlaba wezobuciko futhi yaba umnyakazo wabesilisa kakhulu.U-Krasner, u-Frankenthaler no-Elaine de Kooning bavame ukuzwa umsebenzi wabo ubizwa ngokuthi "owesifazane", "umculo wezingoma" noma "ubuqili", okusho ukuthi bathi baphansi.
U-Hans Hofmann uyisazi sokukhuluma esingaqondakali ophethe isitudiyo sika-Krasner ku-8th Street, lapho afunda khona ngemva kokufunda e-Cooper Union, i-Art Students League kanye ne-National Academy of Design futhi wasebenzela i-WPA Federal Art Project.Wake wancoma omunye wemidwebo yakhe, ethi, “Muhle kakhulu ngeke ukholwe ukuthi wenziwa umuntu wesifazane.”
U-Penn no-Showell banemininingwane yokuthi u-Krasner ophumayo, osevele usungulwe emhlabeni wobuciko waseNew York, wabelana kanjani nokuxhumana okubalulekile no-Pollock emsebenzini wabo, okhonjiswa kanye noka-Picasso, uMatisse no-Georges Braque.Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, wathandana noPollock.Embukisweni obalulekile wango-1942 wemidwebo yaseFrance neyaseMelika eMacmillan Gallery.
Bashada futhi bathuthela e-Long Island, kodwa bagxila e-Kibosh ekuphuzeni nasemisebenzini yangaphandle kwesikole.Wacela inqolobane phansi yeshabhu yakhe yokusebenzela, futhi yena wenza ngekamelo lokulala.
Ngenkathi u-Pollock edume ngokufutha amaseyili amakhulu alele phansi esibayeni, u-Krasner wenza uchungechunge lwezithombe ezincane etafuleni, ngezinye izikhathi efaka upende ngokuqondile eshubhu.
UKrasner uqhathanisa izinhlamvu nezinhlamvu zesiHebheru, azifunda esemncane kodwa manje akakwazi ukufunda nokubhala.Kunoma yikuphi, ngokusho kwakhe, unesithakazelo ekudaleni ulimi lomuntu siqu olungokomfanekiso olungadluliseli incazelo ethile.
Ngemuva kokuthi uPollock eshone engozini yokushayela ephuzile - inkosikazi yakhe yasinda - uKrasner uthe isitudiyo sengobo senzelwe yena.
Lesi yisinyathelo sokuguqula.Akukhona nje ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe waba mkhulu, kodwa futhi wathonywa ukunyakaza komzimba ogcwele enqubweni yokudala.
Eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva, waba nombukiso wakhe wokuqala eyedwa eNew York, kwathi ngo-1984, ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngaphambi kokushona kwakhe, i-MoMA yambambela iretrospective.
Engxoxweni ethakazelisa kakhulu ne-Inside New York's Art World ngo-1978, uKrasner wakhumbula ukuthi ezinsukwini zokuqala, ubulili bakhe abuzange buthinte indlela umsebenzi wakhe owawubhekwa ngayo.
Ngafunda esikoleni samabanga aphezulu nabaculi besifazane kuphela, bonke abesifazane.Futhi-ke ngangise-Cooper Union, isikole sobuciko samantombazane, bonke abaculi besifazane, futhi ngisho nalapho kamuva sengikwi-WPA, niyazi, akuvamile ukuba umuntu wesifazane futhi ube yiciko.Konke lokhu kwaqala ukwenzeka sekwephuzile impela, ikakhulukazi lapho izindawo zisuka enkabeni yeParis ziye eNew York, ngicabanga ukuthi lesi sikhathi sibizwa nge-abstract expressionism, futhi manje sinemibukiso, amanani, imali, ukunakwa.Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, bekuyindawo ethule.Kungaleso sikhathi lapho ngaqala khona ukuqaphela ukuthi ngingowesifazane, futhi nganginaso “isimo”.
U-Elaine de Kooning wayengumdwebi wesithombe esingabonakali, umhlaziyi wezobuciko, isishoshovu sezombusazwe, uthisha, kanye “nomdwebi oshesha kakhulu edolobheni”, kodwa lezi zinto ezizuziwe ngokuvamile zingaphansi kwalezo zikaNkk. Willem de Kooning, umbhangqwana wakhe othi “Abstract Expressionism”.ingxenye yombhangqwana.
Incazelo yedolobha elikhulu lezobuciko iveza ukuthi amashumi amabili eminyaka ehlukanisiwe noWilliam-babuyisana lapho eneminyaka engamashumi amahlanu - kwakuyinkathi yokukhula komuntu siqu kanye nobuciko.Edonsa ugqozi ezimpini zezinkunzi ayezibonele ngesikhathi sohambo lwakhe, waphendulela amehlo akhe obufazi anomdlandla emadodeni futhi wanikwa umsebenzi wokudweba isithombe esisemthethweni sikaMongameli uKennedy:
Yonke imidwebo yempilo yakhe kwakudingeka yenziwe ngokushesha okukhulu, ibambe izici nokushukuma komzimba, ingxenye njengokukhumbula ngekhanda, ngisho nangombono wami, ngoba akazange ahlale athule.Esikhundleni sokubukeka ekhathazekile, wahlala njengomdlali noma umfundi wasekolishi, egxumagxuma esihlalweni sakhe.Ekuqaleni, lo mbono wobusha waphazamisa, ngoba akazange ahlale athule.
NjengoKrasner kanye no-Elaine de Kooning, u-Helen Frankenthaler wayeyingxenye yabadlali ababili abasabonakala, kodwa wayengadalelwe ukudlala ifilidi yesibili kumyeni wakhe, uRobert Motherwell.
Lokhu kungenxa yentuthuko yakhe yokuqala yendlela “yokudweba i-dip-paint”, lapho ethela khona upende wamafutha oxutshwe nge-turpentine ngqo kuseyili ongalungisiwe olele phansi.
Bevakashela isitudiyo sikaFrankenthaler, lapho babone khona izintaba zakhe eziwuphawu nezilwandle phezulu, abadwebi abangabonakali u-Kenneth Nolan no-Maurice Lewis nabo basebenzise le nqubo, kanye nombono wakhe womdwebo obanzi, oyisicaba, kamuva owaziwa ngokuthi umdwebo we-gamut.
Njengo-Pollock, u-Frankenthaler ufakwe kumagazini we-LIFE, nakuba njengoba u-Art She Says ebonisa, akuwona wonke amaphrofayili abaculi be-LIFE afanayo:
Ingxoxo phakathi kwalokhu kudluliselwa okubili kubonakala kuyindaba yamandla wesilisa anqunywa emphakathini kanye nokuzithiba kwabesifazane.Nakuba ukuma kukaPollock kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokusebenza kwakhe kwezobuciko, inkinga akukhona ukuthi umile, uhlezi.Kunalokho, kungenxa ye-Pollock lapho singabheka khona ohlangothini oluseduze lomkhuba wakhe obuhlungu nomusha.Ngokuphambene, i-Frankenthaler Parks iqinisa umbono wethu wamaciko wesifazane njengemifanekiso eklanywe ngokucophelela, eshicilele kahle njengobuciko obuyidalayo.Ngisho noma izingcezu zibonakala zingabonakali futhi zibonakala, i-stroke ngayinye ibhekwa njengemelela isikhathi esibaliwe, esingenasici sokukhanyiselwa okubonakalayo.
Kunezihloko ezintathu engingathandi ukuxoxa ngazo: imishado yami yangaphambili, abaculi kanye nemibono yami ngabantu besikhathi samanje.
Kulabo abafuna ukufunda kabanzi mayelana nalaba baculi abathathu abangabonakali, uPenn noSchuwell banikeza izincomo zencwadi ezilandelayo:
Abesifazane Be-Ninth Street: u-Lee Krasner, u-Elaine de Kooning, uGrace Hartigan, u-Joan Mitchell, no-Helen Frankenthaler: Abaculi Abahlanu kanye Nomnyakazo Oguqule Ubuciko Besimanje kaMary Gabriel.
Abaculi abathathu besifazane: u-Amy von Lintel, uBonnie Roos nabanye bandise i-Abstract Expressionism e-American West.
Amaphayona Abesifazane be-Bauhaus Art Movement: Ukutholwa kukaGertrud Arndt, uMarianne Brandt, u-Anna Albers kanye nabanye Abaqambi Abakhohlwe.
Uhambo olusheshayo lwemizuzu eyisithupha lobuciko besimanje: ungahamba kanjani usuka ku-Manet's 1862 Lunch on the Grass uye kumdwebo we-drip ka-Jackson Pollock's 1950s
Intukuthelo yamaNazi e-Vulgar ngokumelene nobuciko obungabonakali kanye "nombukiso we-Degenerate Art Exhibition" ka-1937.
- U-Ayun Holliday uyi-primatologist ephambili kumagazini i-East Village Inky futhi muva nje ungumbhali we-Creative But Not Famous: The Little Potato Manifesto.Mlandele @AyunHalliday.
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Ukufakwa okulahlekile u-Alma W. Thomas ungowesifazane omnyama we-Abstract Expressionist owayengowesifazane wokuqala omnyama ukujoyina "isikole" semibono (iWashington School of Color) kanye neyokuqala eWhitby.Owesifazane omnyama onombukiso oyedwa e-Ni, umculi wokuqala wesifazane omsebenzi wakhe omnyama wathengwa yi-White House - okuhlekisayo nokudabukisayo, okujwayelekile kakhulu kokuthi abaculi abamnyama bakhohlwa kaningi kangakanani.Umsebenzi wakhe manje uphothula iretrospective kumamnyuziyamu angu-4 wedolobha, futhi ifilimu emfushane emayelana nempilo yakhe nomsebenzi ikhonjiswe emikhosini engaphezu kuka-38 ngonyaka odlule.https://missalmathomas.com https://columbusmuseum.com/alma-w-thomas/about-alma-w-thomas.html
Thola izinsiza ezingcono kakhulu zamasiko nezemfundo kuwebhu, ezithunyelwa kuwe nge-imeyili nsuku zonke.Asilokothi sithumele ugaxekile.Zikhiphe ohlwini nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
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