Lapho eklama isistimu yamapayipi okucindezela, unjiniyela oqoka uzovame ukucacisa ukuthi amapayipi esistimu kufanele ahambisane nengxenye eyodwa noma eziningi ze-ASME B31 Pressure Piping Code.Onjiniyela bazilandela kanjani ngokufanelekile izidingo zekhodi lapho beklama amasistimu amapayipi?
Okokuqala, unjiniyela kufanele anqume ukuthi yikuphi ukucaciswa komklamo okufanele kukhethwe.Kuzinhlelo zamapayipi okucindezela, lokhu akukhawulelwe ku-ASME B31.Amanye amakhodi akhishwe yi-ASME, ANSI, NFPA, noma ezinye izinhlangano ezibusayo angabuswa indawo yephrojekthi, isicelo, njll.Ku-ASME B31, okwamanje kunezigaba eziyisikhombisa ezihlukene ezisebenzayo.
I-ASME B31.1 Amapayipi Kagesi: Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amapayipi eziteshini zikagesi, ezimbonini nasezimbonini, izinhlelo zokushisisa umhlaba, kanye nezinhlelo zokushisisa nokupholisa ezimaphakathi nesifunda. Lokhu kuhlanganisa amapayipi aphuma kubhayela angaphandle kanye nangaphandle asetshenziswa ukufaka amaboilers e-ASME Section I. Lesi sigaba asisebenzi ezintweni ezimbozwa i-ASME Boiler kanye ne-Pressure Vessel Code kanye ne-cooling0 paragraph3 yokusabalalisa okuphansi kwamasistimu okupholisa okuhlukahlukene0 paragraph0. I-ASME B31.1.Imvelaphi ye-ASME B31.1 ingalandelelwa emuva ngeminyaka yawo-1920s, nohlelo lokuqala olusemthethweni lwashicilelwa ngo-1935.Qaphela ukuthi uhlelo lokuqala, kuhlanganisa nezithasiselo, lwalungaphansi kwamakhasi angama-30, futhi uhlelo lwamanje lungaphezu kwamakhasi angama-300 ubude.
I-ASME B31.3 Amapayipi Enqubo: Lesi sigaba sifaka amapayipi ezindaweni zokuhluzwa;amakhemikhali, imithi, izindwangu, iphepha, i-semiconductor, nezitshalo ze-cryogenic;kanye nezitshalo ezisetshenziswayo ezihambisanayo namatheminali.Lesi sigaba sifana kakhulu ne-ASME B31.1, ikakhulukazi uma kubalwa ubuncane bokujiya kodonga lwepayipi eliqondile.Lesi sigaba ekuqaleni sasiyingxenye ye-B31.1 futhi sakhululwa ngokohlukana okokuqala ngo-1959.
I-ASME B31.4 I-Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids and Slurry: Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amapayipi ahambisa ngokuyinhloko imikhiqizo ewuketshezi phakathi kwezitshalo namatheminali, nangaphakathi kwamatheminali, amatheminali, amaphampu, ama-conditioning, kanye neziteshi zokulinganisa.
I-ASME B31.5 Izingxenye Zamapayipi Esiqandisi Nezidlulisa Ukushisa: Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amapayipi eziqandisi nezinto zokupholisa umoya zesibili. Le ngxenye ekuqaleni yayiyingxenye ye-B31.1 futhi yakhululwa ngokohlukana okokuqala ngo-1962.
I-ASME B31.8 Amasistimu Amapayipi Wokudluliswa Kwegesi Nokusabalalisa: Lokhu kuhlanganisa amapayipi ukuthutha ngokuyinhloko imikhiqizo yegesi phakathi kwemithombo namatheminali, okuhlanganisa ama-compressor, iziteshi zokubeka isimo kanye namamitha;kanye namapayipi okuqoqa igesi.Lesi sigaba ekuqaleni sasiyingxenye ye-B31.1 futhi sakhululwa okokuqala ngokuhlukana ngo-1955.
I-ASME B31.9 Izinsiza Zokwakha Amapayipi: Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amapayipi ngokuvamile atholakala ezimbonini, ezikhungweni, ezentengiselwano, nezakhiwo zomphakathi;kanye nezindawo zokuhlala ezinamayunithi amaningi ezingadingi ubukhulu, ingcindezi, nezinga lokushisa elimbozwe ku-ASME B31.1.Lesi sigaba sifana ne-ASME B31.1 ne-B31.3, kodwa asilondoloza kakhulu (ikakhulukazi uma kubalwa ubukhulu obuncane bodonga) futhi iqukethe imininingwane encane.
I-ASME B31.12 I-Hydrogen Piping and Piping: Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa amapayipi kusevisi yegesi kanye ne-liquid hydrogen, kanye namapayipi esevisi ye-hydrogen enegesi.Lesi sigaba sanyatheliswa okokuqala ngo-2008.
Iyiphi ikhodi yokuklama okufanele isetshenziswe ekugcineni ikumnikazi. Isingeniso se-ASME B31 sithi, "Kuyisibopho somnikazi ukukhetha isigaba sekhodi esicishe sisondele kakhulu ekufakweni kwamapayipi okuhlongozwayo."Kwezinye izimo, "izigaba zamakhodi amaningi zingasebenza ezigabeni ezihlukene zokufakwa."
Uhlelo lwango-2012 lwe-ASME B31.1 luzosebenza njengesithenjwa esiyinhloko ezingxoxweni ezilandelayo.Inhloso yalesi sihloko ukuqondisa unjiniyela oqoka ezinye zezinyathelo ezibalulekile ekuklameni uhlelo lwamapayipi okucindezelayo lwe-ASME B31. Ukulandela imihlahlandlela ye-ASME B31.1 kunikeza ukumelwa okuhle komklamo wesistimu ojwayelekile.Izindlela ezifanayo ze-B3 ze-ASME3 zisetshenziswa. I-31 isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezinciphile, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezithile noma izinhlelo zokusebenza, futhi ngeke kusaxoxwa ngakho.Nakuba izinyathelo ezibalulekile enqubweni yokuklama zizoqokonyiswa lapha, le ngxoxo ayiphelele futhi ikhodi ephelele kufanele ihlale ikhonjiswa ngesikhathi sokuklanywa kwesistimu.Zonke izinkomba zombhalo zibhekisela ku-ASME B31.1 ngaphandle uma kushiwo ngenye indlela.
Ngemva kokukhetha ikhodi elungile, umklami wesistimu kufanele futhi abuyekeze noma yiziphi izidingo zedizayini eziqondene nesistimu.Isigaba 122 (Ingxenye 6) sinikeza izidingo zedizayini ezihlobene namasistimu avame ukutholakala ekufakweni kwamapayipi kagesi, njengesitimu, i-feedwater, i-blowdown kanye ne-blowdown, i-instrumentation piping, kanye nezinhlelo zokukhulula ingcindezi.I-ASME B31.3 iqukethe izigaba ezifanayo ku-ASME B31.3 enemininingwane ye-ASME B31.1 ne-pressure yesigaba2 ku-confic-2 yendima ye-1, kodwa ihlanganisa imininingwane ye-ASME B31.1 ne-2. izidingo zezinga lokushisa, kanye nemikhawulo ehlukahlukene yegunya echazwe phakathi kwendikimba yebhayela, amapayipi angaphandle abhayela, kanye namapayipi angaphandle angewona ama-boiler axhunywe ku-ASME Isigaba I samapayipi esibhayela.incazelo.Umfanekiso 2 ubonisa le mikhawulo yebhayela yesigubhu.
Umklami wesistimu kufanele anqume ingcindezi nezinga lokushisa lapho uhlelo luzosebenza khona kanye nezimo isistimu okufanele yakhelwe ukuhlangabezana nazo.
Ngokwesigaba 101.2, ingcindezi yomklamo wangaphakathi akufanele ibe ngaphansi kokucindezela okukhulu okuqhubekayo okuqhubekayo (MSOP) ngaphakathi kwesistimu yamapayipi, okuhlanganisa umphumela wekhanda elimile.Amapayipi angaphansi kwengcindezi yangaphandle azoklanyelwa ukucindezela okukhulu okuhlukile okulindeleke ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza, ukuvala shaqa noma ukuhlolwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithelela yemvelo idinga ukucatshangelwa. Ngokuvumelana nesigaba 101.4, ukupholisa kwepayipi kuketshezi uma kungenzeka kuncishiswe ipayipi lepayipi elingaphansi koketshezi. izoklanywa ukuthi imelane nokucindezela kwangaphandle noma izinyathelo ezizothathwa zokunqamula i-vacuum. Ezimweni lapho ukwanda koketshezi kungase kwandise ukucindezela, amasistimu amapayipi kufanele aklanywe ukumelana nokucindezela okwandayo noma izinyathelo kufanele zithathwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukucindezela okukhulu.
Kusukela eSigabeni 101.3.2, izinga lokushisa lensimbi lomklamo wamapayipi lizomelela izimo ezilindelekile eziphezulu ezisimeme.Ukuze kube lula, ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi izinga lokushisa lensimbi lilingana nezinga lokushisa loketshezi.Uma kuthanda, izinga lokushisa elivamile lensimbi lingasetshenziswa inqobo nje uma izinga lokushisa langaphandle laziwa.Ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele futhi kukhokhwe uketshezi oludonswa ezimweni zokushisa ezimbi kakhulu ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga lokushisa elibi kakhulu elisuka ku-akhawunti yokushisa.
Ngokuvamile, abaklami bengeza imajini yokuphepha kumfutho ophezulu wokusebenza kanye/noma izinga lokushisa.Usayizi wemajini uncike kuhlelo lokusebenza.Kubalulekile futhi ukucabangela izingqinamba ezibonakalayo lapho unquma izinga lokushisa lomklamo.Ukucacisa amazinga okushisa edizayini aphezulu (angaphezulu kuka-750 F) kungase kudinge ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezixubile kunensimbi ye-carbon ejwayelekile.Amanani wokucindezeleka ku-Mandatory material angahlinzeka kuphela nge-carbon dioxide I-Appesndition ngayinye yensimbi ngayinye. amanani afinyelela ku-800 F. Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kwe-carbon steel emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-800 F kungase kubangele ipayipi ukuthi likhule, kuyenze ibe brittle futhi ijwayele ukwehluleka.
Ngezinye izikhathi onjiniyela bangaphinda bacacise izingcindezi zokuhlola zesistimu ngayinye.Isigaba 137 sinikeza isiqondiso ekuhloleni ukucindezeleka.Ngokuvamile, ukuhlolwa kwe-hydrostatic kuzocaciswa izikhathi ezingu-1.5 zokucindezela kokuklama;nokho, i-hoop kanye nokucindezeleka kwe-longitudinal kumapayipi akumele kudlule u-90% wamandla esivuno sento esesigabeni 102.3.3 (B) ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwengcindezi.Kwamanye amasistimu amapayipi angaphandle angewona ama-boiler, ukuhlola ukuvuza kwangaphakathi kwesevisi kungase kube indlela engokoqobo yokuhlola ukuvuza ngenxa yobunzima bokuhlukanisa izingxenye zesistimu ngenxa yokuvuza kokuqala noma ukumane kuvumeleke ukuvuza kwesistimu.Kuyavunywa, lokhu kuyamukeleka.
Uma izimo zokuklama sezimisiwe, amapayipi angacaciswa.Into yokuqala okufanele unqume ukuthi iyiphi impahla okufanele isetshenziswe.Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, izinto ezihlukene zinemikhawulo ehlukene yokushisa.Isigaba 105 sinikeza imikhawulo eyengeziwe ezintweni ezihlukahlukene zamapayipi.Ukukhethwa kwempahla nakho kuncike oketshezini lwesistimu, njengama-alloys e-nickel ekusetshenzisweni kwamapayipi amakhemikhali agqwalayo, insimbi engagqwali ukuletha umoya wensimbi ohlanzekile, noma insimbi egeleza eyi-700 ephezulu kune-chroter. ukugqwala.I-Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) yinto yokuguguleka/yokugqwala ekhonjiswe ukuthi idala ukuncishiswa kakhulu kodonga kanye nokwehluleka kwepayipi kwezinye zezinhlelo zamapayipi ezibucayi kakhulu. Ukwehluleka ukucabangela kahle ukuncipha kwezingxenye zamapayipi kungaba futhi kube nemiphumela emibi kakhulu, njengangonyaka ka-2007 lapho amapayipi ashisa kakhulu e-KCPN&La ebulala abasebenzi ababili besiteshi sikagesi se-KCPN&La kuqala.
I-equation 7 kanye ne-Equation 9 esigabeni 104.1.1 ichaza ubukhulu bodonga obudingekayo obuncane kanye nokucindezela okukhulu komklamo wangaphakathi wangaphakathi, ngokulandelana, ngepayipi eliqondile ngaphansi kwengcindezi yangaphakathi.Okuguquguqukayo kulezi zibalo kuhlanganisa ukucindezela okukhulu okuvunyelwe (kusuka kuSithasiselo Esibalulekile A), ububanzi obungaphandle bepayipi, isici esibalulekile (njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 104) ubukhulu obungeziwe obuhilelekile (ubukhulu obungu-2) obuhilelekile (njengoba kuchazwe kuThebula 104) ukujiya okuningi okuhilelekile (ubukhulu obuyi-2) obungeziwe. ukucacisa okokusebenza okufanelekile kwamapayipi, ububanzi obuncane, nokuqina kodonga kungaba inqubo ephindaphindayo engase futhi ihlanganise isivinini soketshezi, ukwehla komfutho, kanye nezindleko zamapayipi nokumpompa.Ngaphandle kwesicelo, ubuncane bokujiya bodonga obudingekayo kufanele buqinisekiswe.
Imvume yokuqina eyengeziwe ingase yengezwe ukuze kunxeshezelwe izizathu ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisa i-FAC. Izibonelelo zingadingeka ngenxa yokususwa kwemicu, izikhala, njll. impahla edingekayo ukuze kwenziwe amajoyinti asetshenziswayo. Ngokwesigaba 102.4.2, imali encane izolingana nokujula kwentambo kanye nokubekezelelana komshini. Isibonelelo singase sidingeke ukuze kuhlinzekwe amandla engeziwe ukuze kuvinjwe ukubhoboza kwepayipi, ukucekela phansi kwepayipi noma ukucekela phansi kwepayipi ukuze kuvinjwe ukubhodla, ukucekela phansi kwepayipi noma ukulimaza amapayipi amaningi. okuxoxwe ngakho esigabeni 102.4.4. Izibonelelo zingabuye zengezwe ku-akhawunti yamalunga ashiselwe (isigaba 102.4.3) kanye nezindololwane (isigaba 102.4.5). Ekugcineni, ukubekezelela kunganezelwa ukunxephezela ukugqwala kanye/noma ukuguguleka. 02.4.1.
I-Annex IV yokuzikhethela inikeza isiqondiso ekulawuleni ukugqwala.Izingubo zokuzivikela, ukuvikelwa kwe-cathodic, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kukagesi (njengama-insulating flange) zonke izindlela zokuvimbela ukugqwala kwangaphandle kwamapayipi agqitshiwe noma angaphansi kwamanzi.Ama-Corrosion inhibitors noma ama-liners angasetshenziswa ukuvimbela ukugqwala kwangaphakathi.Ukunakekelwa kufanele futhi kuthathwe ukuze kusetshenziswe i-hydrostatic yokuhlola i-hydroping kanye ne-drain ye-hydrostatic yokuhlola, ukuhlola ngokuphelele amanzi kanye nokukhipha amanzi.
Ubukhulu obuncane bodonga lwamapayipi noma ishejuli edingekayo ekubalweni kwangaphambilini ingase ingashintshi kububanzi bepayipi futhi ingase idinge ukucaciswa kwamashejuli ahlukene amadayamitha ahlukene. Ishejuli efanelekile namavelu okujiya kodonga achazwa ku-ASME B36.10 Ipayipi Lensimbi Eshicilele futhi Engenasici.
Lapho ucacisa impahla yepayipi futhi wenza izibalo okukhulunywe ngazo ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanani aphezulu avumelekile engcindezi asetshenziswe ezibalweni afana nezinto ezishiwo. Isibonelo, uma ipayipi lensimbi engagqwali i-A312 304L liqokwe ngokungalungile njengepayipi lensimbi engagqwali A312 304, ukujiya kodonga olunikeziwe kungase kunganele ngenxa yokwehlukana okukhulu okuvunyelwe phakathi kwenani elibalulekile lezinto ezikhiqizwayo. ipayipi lizocaciswa ngokufanelekile.Isibonelo, uma inani eliphezulu elivumelekile lokucindezelwa lepayipi elingenamthungo lisetshenziselwa ukubala, ipayipi elingenamthungo kufanele licaciswe.Kungenjalo, umkhiqizi/isifaki singanikeza ipayipi elishiselwe ngomthungo, okungase kubangele ukushuba okwanele kodonga ngenxa yokwehla kwamanani okucindezeleka aphezulu avumelekile.
Ngokwesibonelo, ake sithi izinga lokushisa ledizayini lepayipi lingu-300 F futhi ingcindezi yedizayini ingu-1,200 psig.2″ kanye no-3″.Intambo yensimbi ye-Carbon (A53 Grade B engenamthungo) izosetshenziswa.Nquma uhlelo lwamapayipi olufanele ukuze ucacise ukuze uhlangabezane nezidingo ze-ASME B31.1 Izibalo 9. Okokuqala, kuchaziwe:
Okulandelayo, nquma amanani engcindezi aphezulu avumelekile e-A53 Grade B emazingeni okushisa edizayini angenhla ukusuka kuThebula A-1. Qaphela ukuthi kusetshenziswa inani lepayipi elingenamthungo ngenxa yokuthi ipayipi elingenamthungo licacisiwe:
Imvume yokuqina nayo kufanele yengezwe.Kulolu hlelo lokusebenza, i-intshi engu-1/16.Isibonelelo sokugqwala siyathathwa.Ukubekezelela okuhlukile kokugaya kuzokwengezwa kamuva.
3 amayintshi.Ipayipi lizocaciswa kuqala. Uma uthatha ipayipi leSheduli 40 kanye nokubekezelela ukugaya okungu-12.5%, bala umfutho omkhulu:
Ipayipi leSheduli 40 liyanelisa ngamayintshi angu-3. Ishubhu ezimweni zokuklama ezishiwo ngenhla.Okulandelayo, hlola amayintshi angu-2. Ipayipi isebenzisa ukucabangela okufanayo:
2 amayintshi.Ngaphansi kwezimo zedizayini ezishiwo ngenhla, amapayipi azodinga ukujiya kodonga kunohlelo 40.Zama amayintshi angu-2.Shejuli Amapayipi angu-80:
Nakuba ukushuba kodonga lwamapayipi kuvame ukuba yisici esikhawulelayo ekwakhiweni kwengcindezi, kusabalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okokufakwayo, izingxenye kanye nokuxhumana okusetshenzisiwe kulungele izimo zokuklama ezishiwo.
Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, ngokuhambisana nezigaba 104.2, 104.7.1, 106 kanye no-107, wonke ama-valve, okokufaka nezinye izingxenye eziqukethe ingcindezi ezikhiqizwe kumazinga asohlwini lweThebula 126.1 kuzothathwa njengokufanelekile ukusetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezimo zokusebenza ezivamile noma ngaphansi kwalezo zindinganiso uma izilinganiso zezinga lokushisa zingabeka izilinganiso eziqinile zabakhiqizi ezilinganisweni eziqinile lapho abakhiqizi bengase babeke izilinganiso ze-U. ukuchezuka ekusebenzeni okuvamile kunaleyo eshiwo ku-ASME B31.1, kuzosebenza imikhawulo eqinile.
Ezimpambanweni zamapayipi, ama-tee, eziphambanweni, eziphambanweni, amajoyinti ashiselwe amagatsha, njll., ezenziwe ngokwezindinganiso ezisohlwini lweThebula 126.1 kuyatuswa. Kwezinye izimo, ukuphambana kwamapayipi kungase kudinge ukuxhunywa kwamagatsha okuyingqayizivele.Isigaba 104.3.1 sinikeza izidingo ezengeziwe zokuxhunywa kwamagatsha ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kunempahla eyanele yamapayipi ukumelana nokucindezela.
Ukuze wenze idizayini ibe lula, umklami angase akhethe ukusetha izimo zedizayini zibe phezulu ukuze ahlangabezane nesilinganiso se-flange sesigaba esithile sokucindezela (isb. Isigaba se-ASME 150, 300, njll.) njengoba kuchazwe isigaba sezinga lokushisa lokucindezela lezinto ezithile ezicaciswe ku-ASME B16 .5 Amapayipi amapayipi namajoyinti e-flange, noma izindinganiso ezifanayo ezisohlwini lweThebula 126 alwamukeleki ngokunye. imiklamo yengxenye.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yomklamo wamapayipi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ubuqotho besakhiwo sohlelo lwamapayipi luyagcinwa uma imiphumela yokucindezela, izinga lokushisa namandla angaphandle kusetshenziswa.Ubuqotho besakhiwo sohlelo ngokuvamile abunakwa enqubweni yokuklama futhi, uma kungenziwanga kahle, kungaba enye yezingxenye ezibiza kakhulu zomklamo.Ubuqotho besakhiwo kuxoxwa ngokuyinhloko ezindaweni ezimbili: Uhlaziyo lweSigaba11 Isiqephu 1: Isiqephu 1: Isiqephu 1: Isiqephu 1: Isiqephu 1 kanye Nokuvumelana nezimo.
Isigaba 104.8 sibala amafomula ekhodi ayisisekelo asetshenziselwa ukunquma ukuthi isistimu yamapayipi idlula izingcindezi zekhodi ezivumelekile yini.Lezi zibalo zekhodi zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi imithwalo eqhubekayo, imithwalo yezikhathi ezithile, nemithwalo egudlulwayo.Umthwalo oqhubekayo umphumela wengcindezi nesisindo ohlelweni lwamapayipi.Imithwalo eyenzeka ngengozi iyimithwalo eqhubekayo kanye neminye imithwalo yomoya emifushane engase ibe khona, imithwalo yomoya engase ibe mfushane ngayinye. Umthwalo wengozi osetshenzisiwe ngeke usebenze kweminye imithwalo yengozi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngakho-ke umthwalo wengozi ngamunye uzoba ikesi elihlukile lokulayisha ngesikhathi sokuhlaziya.Imithwalo ekhishwayo iyimiphumela yokukhula okushisayo, ukugudluzwa kwemishini ngesikhathi sokusebenza, nanoma yimuphi omunye umthwalo wokuthutha.
Isigaba 119 sidingida indlela yokusingatha ukunwetshwa kwamapayipi kanye nokuguquguquka ezinhlelweni zamapayipi kanye nendlela yokunquma imithwalo yokusabela.Ukuguquguquka kwezinhlelo zamapayipi kuvame kubaluleke kakhulu ekuxhumekeni kwemishini, njengoba uxhumo lwemishini eminingi lungamelana kuphela nenani elincane lamandla kanye nomzuzu osetshenziswa endaweni yokuxhuma.Ezimweni eziningi, ukukhula okushisayo kwesistimu yamapayipi kunomphumela omkhulu kakhulu ekukhuleni kokusabela ekulawuleni okubalulekile ngokuvumelana nesistimu.
Ukwamukela ukuguquguquka kwesistimu yamapayipi kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lusekelwa ngendlela efanele, kuwumkhuba omuhle ukusekela amapayipi ensimbi ngokuhambisana neThebula 121.5.Uma umklami elwela ukuhlangabezana nesikhala sokusekelwa esijwayelekile saleli thebula, ufeza izinto ezintathu: kunciphisa ukuphambuka kwesisindo somuntu siqu, kunciphisa imithwalo eqhubekayo, futhi kwandisa ukucindezelwa okutholakalayo kwe-1 kuya kwe-1 umklami. ngokuvamile kubangela ngaphansi kuka-1/8 intshi yesisindo somuntu siqu noma i-sag.phakathi kwezisekelo zeshubhu.Ukunciphisa ukuchezuka kwesisindo sakho kusiza ukunciphisa ithuba lokuminyana kumapayipi aphethe isitimu noma igesi.Ukulandela izincomo zesikhala kuThebula 121.5 futhi kuvumela umklami ukuthi ehlise ukucindezelwa okuqhubekayo ekufakweni kwamapayipi kufinyelele inani elilinganiselwa ku-50% eliqhubekayo le-Bqucco eqhubekayo. ngoba imithwalo esuswayo ihlobene ngokuphambene nemithwalo esimeme.Ngakho-ke, ngokunciphisa umthwalo osimeme, ukubekezelela ingcindezi yokugudluzwa kungakhuliswa.Isikhala esinconyiwe sezisekelo zamapayipi sikhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 3.
Ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukusabela kwesistimu yamapayipi kucatshangelwa ngendlela efanele nokuthi izingcindezi zekhodi ziyahlangatshezwana nazo, indlela evamile ukwenza ukuhlaziya kokucindezeleka kwamapayipi okusizwa ngekhompiyutha kohlelo. Kunamaphakheji amaningana esofthiwe okuhlaziya ukucindezeleka kwamapayipi amaningana atholakalayo, njenge-Bentley AutoPIPE, Intergraph Caesar II, Piping Solutions Tri-Flex, noma elinye lamaphakheji atholakalayo kwezohwebo. ukuqinisekiswa okulula kanye nekhono lokwenza izinguquko ezidingekayo ekucushweni.Umfanekiso 4 ubonisa isibonelo sokumodela nokuhlaziya ingxenye yepayipi.
Lapho baklama isistimu entsha, abaklami besistimu ngokuvamile bacacisa ukuthi wonke amapayipi nezingxenye kufanele enziwe, ashiselwe, ahlanganiswe, njll. njengoba kudingwa nganoma iyiphi ikhodi esetshenziswayo. Nokho, kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezibuyiselwayo noma ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, kungase kusize unjiniyela oqokiwe ukunikeza isiqondiso kumasu athile okukhiqiza, njengoba kuchazwe eSahlukweni V.
Inkinga evamile okuhlangatshezwana nayo ekusetshenzisweni kwe-retrofit i-weld preheat (isigaba 131) kanye nokwelashwa kokushisa kwe-post-weld (isigaba 132) .Phakathi kwezinye izinzuzo, lezi zindlela zokwelapha ezishisayo zisetshenziselwa ukukhulula ukucindezeleka, ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka, nokwandisa amandla we-weld.Izinto ezithinta izidingo zokwelashwa kokushisa kwangaphambi kwe-weld kanye ne-post-weld zifaka, kodwa azikhawulelwe, lokhu okulandelayo: impahla ye-weld chemistry ku-joint chemistry. ISithasiselo A esiyisibopho sinenombolo engu-P eyabelwe.Ngokushisa kuqala, isigaba 131 sinikeza izinga lokushisa elincane okufanele kushiswe ngalo isisekelo sensimbi ngaphambi kokuba kushiselwe.Ku-PWHT, Ithebula 132 linikeza izinga lokushisa lokubamba kanye nobude besikhathi sokubamba indawo yokushisela.Amazinga okushisa nawokupholisa, izindlela zokulinganisa izinga lokushisa, amasu okushisa, kanye nezinye izinqubo ezibekwe ngokuphambene endaweni yekhodi kufanele silandele ngokuqinile imiphumela yekhodi. kwenzeka ngenxa yokwehluleka ukuphatha kahle ukushisa.
Enye indawo engase ibe nokukhathazeka ezinhlelweni zamapayipi acindezelwe ukugoba kwamapayipi. Amapayipi agobile angabangela ukucwiliswa kodonga, kubangele ukushuba okwanele kodonga. Ngokuvumelana nesigaba 102.4.5, ikhodi ivumela ukugoba inqobo nje uma ubukhulu obuncane bodonga bugculisa ifomula efanayo esetshenziswa ukubala ubuncane bokujiya bodonga lwepayipi eliqondile. Ngokujwayelekile, ukujiya okunconyiwe kwe-0 okunconyiwe kwe-2 kuyayengezwa. ukugoba i-radii.Ukugoba kungase futhi kudinge ukwelashwa kokushisa kokugoba kanye/noma ngemva kokugoba.Isigaba 129 sinikeza isiqondiso sokwenziwa kwezindololwane.
Ezinhlelweni eziningi zamapayipi okucindezela, kuyadingeka ukuthi kufakwe i-valve yokuphepha noma i-valve yokukhulula ukuvimbela ukucindezela ngokweqile ohlelweni.Kulezi zinhlelo zokusebenza, iSithasiselo II esingazikhethela sona: Imithetho Yokuklama Yokufakwa Kwevalvu Yokuphepha iwumthombo obaluleke kakhulu kodwa ngezinye izikhathi owaziwa kancane.
Ngokuhambisana nesigaba II-1.2, amavalvu okuphepha abonakala ngokuvuleka ngokugcwele kwesenzo segesi noma isitimu, kuyilapho amavalvu okuphepha evuleka uma kuqhathaniswa nomfutho omile okhuphuka nomfula futhi asetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi isevisi yoketshezi.
Amayunithi amavalvu okuphepha abonakala ngokuthi avulekile noma avaliwe yini amasistimu okukhipha amanzi.Epayipini le-exhaust elivulekile, indololwane ekuphumeni kwevalvu yokuphepha ngokuvamile izophumela epayipini le-exhaust liye emkhathini. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kuzoholela ekucindezelweni okuncane okubuyela emuva. ipayipi kufanele libe likhulu ngokwanele ukuvimbela i-blowback.Ezisetshenziswayo ze-vent evaliwe, ingcindezi iyanda endaweni yokuphuma kwe-valve yokusiza ngenxa yokucindezelwa komoya emgqeni we-vent, okungenzeka kubangele amagagasi okucindezela ukuba asakazeke.Esigabeni II-2.2.2, kunconywa ukuthi ukucindezela komklamo womugqa wokukhipha ovaliwe okungenani kube mkhulu ngokuphindwe kabili kunokucindezela kokusebenza kwesimo esiqinile.Izibalo zibonisa i-valve evaliwe, i-valve evaliwe ngokulinganayo6.
Ukufakwa kwamavalvu okuphepha kungase kube ngaphansi kwamandla ahlukahlukene njengoba kufingqiwe esigabeni II-2. Lawa mandla ahlanganisa imiphumela yokwanda okushisayo, ukusebenzisana kwamavalvu amaningi okusiza aphuma kanyekanye, imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba kanye/noma yokudlidliza, nemiphumela yokucindezela phakathi nezenzakalo zokunciphisa ingcindezi.Nakuba ingcindezi yokuklama efika endaweni yokuphuma yevalvu yokuphepha kufanele ifane nokucindezela kokuklama kwepayipi eliphansi, ukucindezela kwesistimu yokukhipha kanye nokukhishwa kwesistimu yokukhipha kuncike ekukhishweni kwesistimu yokukhipha kanye nesistimu yokukhipha umoya. i-valve.Izibalo zinikezwe esigabeni II-2.2 ukuze kutholwe ingcindezi kanye nesivinini endololwaneni yokukhipha, indawo yokukhipha ipayipi yokukhipha, kanye nepayipi lokukhipha ipayipi lezinhlelo zokukhipha ezivulekile nezivaliwe.Ngokusebenzisa lolu lwazi, amandla okusabela ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ohlelweni lokukhipha umoya angabalwa futhi abalwe.
Inkinga yesibonelo yesicelo sokukhishwa okuvulekile inikezwe esigabeni II-7.Ezinye izindlela zikhona zokubala izici zokugeleza ezinhlelweni zokukhipha ama-valve okusiza, futhi umfundi uyaxwayiswa ukuze aqinisekise ukuthi indlela esetshenzisiwe ilondoloza ngokwanele.Enye indlela enjalo ichazwa ngu-GS Liao ku-"Power Plant Safety and Pressure Relief Valve Exhaust Exhaust Group" ka-October 7 Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Electric
I-valve yokusiza kufanele ibekwe ebangeni elincane lepayipi eliqondile kude nanoma yikuphi ukugoba.Leli banga elincane lincike kusevisi kanye nejometri yohlelo njengoba kuchazwe endimeni II-5.2.1.Ekufakweni okunamavalvu okusiza amaningi, isikhala esinconyiwe soxhumano lwamagatsha ama-valve sincike ku-radii yegatsha kanye namapayipi esevisi, njengoba kuboniswe kuNothi (10)(c) yeThebula D-11. ama-valve aphuma kumapayipi okusebenza esikhundleni sezakhiwo eziseduze ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yokwanda okushisayo kanye nokusebenzisana kokuzamazama komhlaba.Isifinyezo salokhu nokunye okucatshangelwayo komklamo ekwakhiweni kwama-valve okuphepha kungatholakala esigabeni II-5.
Ngokusobala, akwenzeki ukumboza zonke izidingo zokuklama ze-ASME B31 ngaphakathi kobubanzi balesi sihloko.Kodwa noma yimuphi unjiniyela oqokiwe obambe iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwesistimu yamapayipi okucindezela kufanele okungenani ajwayele le khodi yokuklama.Ngethemba, ngolwazi olungenhla, abafundi bazothola i-ASME B31 insiza ebaluleke kakhulu futhi efinyeleleka kalula.
U-Monte K. Engelkemier ungumholi wephrojekthi kwa-Stanley Consultants.U-Engelkemier uyilungu le-Iowa Engineering Society, NSPE, kanye ne-ASME, futhi ukhonza ku-B31.1 Electrical Piping Code Committee kanye ne-Subcommittee.Unolwazi olungaphezu kweminyaka engu-12 ekuhlelweni kwamapayipi, ukuklama, ukuhlola i-bracing kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-Metcha Engine u-Wilkey Engine Engine analysis. Iminyaka engu-6 yesipiliyoni sobuchwepheshe ukuklama amasistimu amapayipi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinsiza, amaklayenti kamasipala, ezikhungo nezimboni futhi uyilungu le-ASME kanye ne-Iowa Engineering Society.
Ingabe unolwazi nobungcweti ngezihloko okukhulunywa ngazo kulokhu okuqukethwe?Kufanele ucabange ukufaka isandla ethimbeni labahleli be-CFE Media futhi uthole ukuqashelwa okufanele wena nenkampani yakho.Chofoza lapha ukuze uqale inqubo.