OEM Manufacturer 304 316 6 Inch 18 Inch Welded Stainless Steel Coil Pipe/ Tube/pipes/tubing

Short Description:

1.Production standards: ASTM A269/A249

2.Stainless steel material :304 304L 316L(UNS S31603) Duplex 2205 (UNS S32205 & S31803) Super Duplex 2507 (UNS S32750) Incoloy 825 (UNS N08825)  Inconel 625 (UNS N06625)

3. Size range: diameter 3MM(0.118”-25.4(1.0”)MM

4. Wall thicknesses: 0.5mm (0.020’’) to 3mm (0.118’’)

5.General delivery pipe status: half hard / soft bright annealing

6.The tolerance range: diameter: + 0.1mm, wall thickness: + 10%, length: -0/+6mm

7.Coil lengthsup to: 500MM-13500MM (45000feet)(can be adjusted according to customer requirements)


Product Detail

Product Tags

We insist on offering premium quality manufacturing with superior business concept, honest product sales as well as finest and fast assistance. it will bring you not only the good quality product or service and huge profit, but the most significant is to occupy the endless market for OEM Manufacturer 304 316 6 Inch 18 Inch Welded Stainless Steel Coil Pipe/ Tube/pipes/tubing, Thanks for taking your worthwhile time to go to us and stay up for have a nice cooperation along with you.
We insist on offering premium quality manufacturing with superior business concept, honest product sales as well as finest and fast assistance. it will bring you not only the good quality product or service and huge profit, but the most significant is to occupy the endless market for 304 Stainless Steel Needle Tube, Capillary Steel Pipe, Sanitary Capillary Piping, Our products are exported worldwide. Our customers are always satisfied with our reliable quality, customer-oriented services and competitive prices. Our mission is “to continue to earn your loyalty by dedicating our efforts to the constant improvement of our solutions and services in order to ensure the satisfaction of our end-users, customers, employees, suppliers and the worldwide communities in which we cooperate”.

Manufacturing range:

stainless steel coil tube
stainless steel tube coil
stainless steel coil tubing
stainless steel coil pipe
stainless steel coil tube suppliers
stainless steel coil tube manufacturers
stainless steel pipe coil

Stainless steel capillary, stainless steel small tube is widely used in medical treatment, fiber-optic, pen making, electronic welding products, light cable joint, food, vintage, dairy, drink, pharmacy and biochemistry, different length can be provided according to requests

Capillary tubes with a maximum bore of 0.0158 in., available in a wide range of stainless steels. Sandvik capillary tubes are characterized by tight tolerances, and the inside surface of the tubes is free from oil, grease and other particles. This ensures, for example, an optimized and even flow of liquids and gases from the sensor to the measuring instrument.

Stainless steel Coiled tubing is available in a range of different product forms depending on the customer requirements. Licancheng sihe stainless steel material manufactures welded and seamless  tube products. The standard grades are 304 304L 316L(UNS S31603) Duplex 2205 (UNS S32205 & S31803) Super Duplex 2507 (UNS S32750) Incoloy 825 (UNS N08825)  Inconel 625 (UNS N06625) Other grades of stainless steel in duplex and superduplex and nickel alloy are available on request.

Diameter from 3mm (0.118’’) to 25.4mm (1.00’’) OD. Wall thickness from 0.5mm (0.020’’) to 3mm (0.118’’).Tubing can be supplied in the annealed or cold worked stainless steel control line pipe condition.

316 Stainless Steel Chemical Composition

Grade C Mn Si P S Cr Mo Ni N

316

min.

 16.0

2.0-3.0

 10.0

max.

 0.035

2.0

0.75

0.045

0.030

 18.0

 14.0

Stainless Steel 316 Mechanical Properties

Grade Tensile Strength (MPa) min Yield Strength 0.2% Proof (MPa) min Elongation (% in 50mm) min Hardness
Rockwell B (HR B) max Brinell (HB) max

316

515

205

40

95

217

Stainless Steel 316 Physical Properties

Grade Density (kg/m3) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (m/m/0C) Thermal Conductivity (W/m.K) Specific Heat 0-1000C (J/kg.K) Electrical Resistivity (n.m)
0-1000C 0-3150C 0-5380C at 1000C at 5000C

316

7750

200

15.9

16.2

17.0

14.2

18.7

500

720

Stainless Steel 316 Equivalent

Equivalent Grades for 316 Stainless Steel

STANDARD WERKSTOFF NR. UNS JIS BS GOST AFNOR EN

SS 316

1.4401 / 1.4436

S31600

SUS 316

316S31 / 316S33

Z7CND17‐11‐02

X5CrNiMo17-12-2 / X3CrNiMo17-13-3

Specification

Brand Liaocheng Sihe Stainless STEEL
Thickness 0.1-2.0mm
Diameter 0.3-20mm (tolerance: ±0.01mm)
Stainless  Grade 201,202,304,304L,316L,317L,321,310s,254mso,904L,2205,625 etc.
Surface Finish inside and outside are both bright annealing, cleaning, and seamless, no leaks.
Standard ASTM A269-2002.JIS G4305/ GB/T 12770-2002GB/T12771-2002
Length 200-1500m per coil, or As customer required
Stock size 6*1mm ,8*0.5mm ,8*0.6mm,8*0.8mm, 8*0.9mm,8*1mm, 9.5*1mm,10*1mm,ect..
Certificate ISO&BV
Packing way Woven bags,plastic bags etc.
Application range widely used in food industry, beverage equipment, beer machine, heat exchanger, milk/ water supply system, medical equipmentsolar energy, medical equipment, aviation, aerospace, communications, oil and other industries
Note OEM / ODM / Buyer Label accepted.

Size of Stainless steel Coil Tube

ITEM

Grade

Size
(MM)

Pressure
(Mpa)

Length
(M)

1

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

1/8″×0.025″

3200

500-35000

2

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

1/8″×0.035″

3200

500-35000

3

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

1/4″×0.035″

2000

500-35000

4

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

1/4″×0.049″

2000

500-35000

5

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

3/8″×0.035″

1500

500-35000

6

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

3/8″×0.049″

1500

500-35000

7

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

1/2″×0.049″

1000

500-35000

8

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

1/2″×0.065″

1000

500-35000

9

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ3mm×0.7mm

3200

500-35000

10

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ3mm×0.9mm

3200

500-35000

11

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ4mm×0.9mm

3000

500-35000

12

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ4mm×1.1mm

3000

500-35000

13

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ6mm×0.9mm

2000

500-35000

14

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ6mm×1.1mm

2000

500-35000

15

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ8mm×1mm

1800

500-35000

16

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ8mm×1.2mm

1800

500-35000

17

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ10mm×1mm

1500

500-35000

18

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ10mm×1.2mm

1500

500-35000

19

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ10mm×2mm

500

500-35000

20

316L、304L、304 alloy  625 825 2205 2507

φ12mm×1.5mm

500

500-35000

Pressure tables
Selection of the appropriate material for any given control or chemical injection line is subject to the prevailing operational and site conditions. In order to assist in the selection, the following tables provide internal pressure ratings and the adjustments factors for a range of common grades and sizes of seamless and laser welded stainless tubing.
Maximum pressure (P) for TP 316L at 100°F (38°C)1)
Please refer to grade and product form adjustment factors below.
Outside diameter,   in. Wall thickness, in. Working pressure2) Burst pressure2) Collapse pressure4)
psi (MPa) psi (MPa) psi (MPa)
1/4 0.035 6,600 (46) 22,470 (155) 6,600 (46)
1/4 0.049 9,260 (64) 27,400 (189) 8,710 (60)
1/4 0.065 12,280 (85) 34,640 (239) 10,750 (74)
3/8 0.035 4,410 (30) 19,160 (132) 4,610 (32)
3/8 0.049 6,170 (43) 21,750 (150) 6,220 (43)
3/8 0.065 8,190 (56) 25,260 (174) 7,900 (54)
3/8 0.083 10,450 (72) 30,050 (207) 9,570 (66)
1/2 0.049 4,630 (32) 19,460 (134) 4,820 (33)
1/2 0.065 6,140 (42) 21,700 (150) 6,200 (43)
1/2 0.083 7,840 (54) 24,600 (170) 7,620 (53)
5/8 0.049 3,700 (26) 18,230 (126) 3,930 (27)
5/8 0.065 4,900 (34) 19,860 (137) 5,090 (35)
5/8 0.083 6,270 (43) 26,910 (151) 6,310 (44)
3/4 0.049 3,080 (21) 17,470 (120) 3,320 (23)
3/4 0.065 4,090 (28) 18,740 (129) 4,310 (30)
3/4 0.083 5,220 (36) 20,310 (140) 5,380 (37)
1) Estimates only. Actual pressures should be calculated considering all stress factors in the system.
2) Based on calculations from API 5C3, using a wall tolerance of +/-10%
3) Based on ultimate strength burst calculations from API 5C3
4) Based on yield strength collapse calculations from API 5C3
Adjustment factors for working pressure limits1)
Pw = reference working pressure rating for TP 316L at 100°F (38°C). To determine working pressure for grade/temperature combination, multiply Pw by adjustment factor.
Grade 100°F 200°F 300°F 400°F
(38°C) (93°C) (149°C) (204°C)
TP 316L, seamless 1 0.87 0.7 0.63
TP 316L, welded 0.85 0.74 0.6 0.54
Alloy 825, seamless 1.33 1.17 1.1 1.03
Alloy 825, welded 1.13 1.99 1.94 0.88
1) Adjustment factors based on allowable stress in ASME.
Adjustment factors for burst pressure limits1)
Pb = reference burst pressure for TP 316L at 100°F. To determine burst pressure for grade/temperature combination, multiply Pb by adjustment factor.
Grade 100°F 200°F 300°F 400°F
(38°C) (93°C) (149°C) (204°C)
TP 316L, seamless 1 0.93 0.87 0.8
TP 316L, welded 0.85 0.79 0.74 0.68
Alloy 825, seamless 1.13 1.07 1 0.87
Alloy 825, welded 0.96 0.91 0.85 0.74

1) Adjustment factors based on ultimate strength in ASME.

 

Stainless steel coiled tubing /coiled tubes material grade:

U.S.A.

 GERMANY

GERMANY

 FRANCE

JAPAN

 ITALY

SWEDEN

 U.K.

E.U.

 SPAIN

 RUSSIA

AISI

DIN 17006

W.N. 17007

AFNOR

JIS

 UNI

SIS

BSI

EURONORM

201

SUS 201

301

 X 12 CrNi 17 7

1.4310

 Z 12 CN 17-07

SUS 301

X 12 CrNi 1707

 23 31

 301S21

 X 12 CrNi 17 7

 X 12 CrNi 17-07

302

 X 5 CrNi 18 7

1.4319

 Z 10 CN 18-09

SUS 302

 X 10 CrNi 1809

 23 31

 302S25

 X 10 CrNi 18 9

 X 10 CrNi 18-09

 12KH18N9

303

 X 10 CrNiS 18 9

 1.4305

 Z 10 CNF 18-09

SUS 303

 X 10 CrNiS 1809

 23 46

 303S21

 X 10 CrNiS 18 9

 X 10 CrNiS 18-09

303 Se

 Z 10 CNF 18-09

SUS 303 Se

 X 10 CrNiS 1809

 303S41

 X 10 CrNiS 18-09

 12KH18N10E

304

 X 5 CrNi 18 10

X 5 CrNi 18 12

1.4301

1.4303

 Z 6 CN 18-09

SUS 304

 X 5 CrNi 1810

 23 32

 304S15

 304S16

  X 6 CrNi 18 10

   X 6 CrNi 19-10

 08KH18N10

06KH18N11

304 N

SUS 304N1

 X 5 CrNiN 1810

304 H

SUS F 304H

 X 8 CrNi 1910

 X 6 CrNi 19-10

304 L

 X 2 CrNi 18 11

 1.4306

 Z 2 CN 18-10

SUS 304L

 X 2 CrNi 1911

 23 52

304S11

 X 3 CrNi 18 10

 X 2 CrNi 19-10

 03KH18N11

 X 2 CrNiN 18 10

 1.4311

 Z 2 CN 18-10-Az

SUS 304LN

 X 2 CrNiN 1811

 23 71

305

 Z 8 CN 18-12

SUS 305

 X 8 CrNi 1812

 23 33

 305S19

 X 8 CrNi 18 12

 X 8 CrNi 18-12

 Z 6 CNU 18-10

SUS XM7

 X 6 CrNiCu 18 10 4 Kd

309

 X 15 CrNiS 20 12

 1.4828

 Z 15 CN 24-13

SUH 309

 X 16 CrNi 2314

 309S24

 X 15 CrNi 23 13

309 S

SUS 309S

 X 6 CrNi 2314

 X 6 CrNi 22 13

310

 X 12 CrNi 25 21

 1.4845

SUH 310

 X 22 CrNi 2520

 310S24

 20KH23N18

310 S

 X 12 CrNi 25 20

 1.4842

 Z 12 CN 25-20

SUS 310S

 X 5 CrNi 2520

 23 61

 X 6 CrNi 25 20

 10KH23N18

314

 X 15 CrNiSi 25 20

 1.4841

 Z 12 CNS 25-20

 X 16 CrNiSi 2520

 X 15 CrNiSi 25 20

 20KH25N20S2

316

 X 5 CrNiMo 17 12 2

 1.4401

 Z 6 CND 17-11

SUS 316

 X 5 CrNiMo 1712

 23 47

 316S31

 X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2

 X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03

316

 X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3

 1.4436

 Z 6 CND 17-12

SUS 316

 X 5 CrNiMo 1713

 23 43

 316S33

 X 6 CrNiMo 17 13 3

 X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03

316 F

 X 12 CrNiMoS 18 11

 1.4427

316 N

SUS 316N

316 H

SUS F 316H

 X 8 CrNiMo 1712

 X 5 CrNiMo 17-12

316 H

 X 8 CrNiMo 1713

 X 6 CrNiMo 17-12-03

316 L

 X 2 CrNiMo 17 13 2

 1.4404

 Z 2 CND 17-12

SUS 316L

 X 2 CrNiMo 1712

 23 48

 316S11

 X 3 CrNiMo 17 12 2

 X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03

 03KH17N14M2

 X 2 CrNiMoN 17 12 2

 1.4406

 Z 2 CND 17-12-Az

SUS 316LN

 X 2 CrNiMoN 1712

316 L

 X 2 CrNiMo 18 14 3

 1.4435

 Z 2 CND 17-13

 X 2 CrNiMo 1713

 23 53

 316S13

 X 3 CrNiMo 17 13 3

 X 2 CrNiMo 17-12-03

 03KH16N15M3

 X 2 CrNiMoN 17 13 3

 1.4429

 Z 2 CND 17-13-Az

 X 2 CrNiMoN 1713

 23 75

 X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2

 1.4571

 Z6 CNDT 17-12

 X 6 CrNiMoTi 1712

 23 50

 320S31

 X 6 CrNiMoTi 17 12 2

 X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03

 08KH17N13M2T

10KH17N13M2T

 X 10 CrNiMoTi 18 12

 1.4573

 X 6 CrNiMoTi 1713

 320S33

 X 6 CrNiMoTI 17 13 3

 X 6 CrNiMoTi 17-12-03

 08KH17N13M2T

10KH17N13M2T

 X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2

 1.4580

 Z 6 CNDNb 17-12

 X 6 CrNiMoNb 1712

 X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 12 2

 08KH16N13M2B

 X 10 CrNiMoNb 18 12

 1.4583

X 6 CrNiMoNb 1713

 X 6 CrNiMoNb 17 13 3

 09KH16N15M3B

317

SUS 317

 X 5 CrNiMo 1815

 23 66

 317S16

317 L

 X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4

 1.4438

 Z 2 CND 19-15

SUS 317L

 X 2 CrNiMo 1815

 23 67

 317S12

 X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4

317 L

 X 2 CrNiMo 18 16 4

 1.4438

 Z 2 CND 19-15

SUS 317L

 X 2 CrNiMo 1816

 23 67

 317S12

 X 3 CrNiMo 18 16 4

 330

X 12 NiCrSi 36 16

1.4864

Z 12NCS 35-16

SUH 330

321

 X 6 CrNiTi 18 10

X 12 CrNiTi 18 9

 1.4541

 1.4878

 Z 6 CNT 18-10

SUS 321

 X 6 CrNiTi 1811

 23 37

 321S31

 X 6 CrNiTi 18 10

 X 6 CrNiTi 18-11

 08KH18N10T

321 H

SUS 321H

 X 8 CrNiTi 1811

 321S20

 X 7 CrNiTi 18-11

 12KH18N10T

329

 X 8 CrNiMo 27 5

 1.4460

SUS 329J1

 23 24

347

 X 6 CrNiNb 18 10

 1.4550

 Z 6 CNNb 18-10

SUS 347

 X 6 CrNiNb 1811

 23 38

 347S31

 X 6 CrNiNb 18 10

 X 6 CrNiNb 18-11

 08KH18N12B

347 H

SUS F 347H

 X 8 CrNiNb 1811

 X 7 CrNiNb 18-11

904L

1.4939

Z 12 CNDV 12-02

 X 20 CrNiSi 25 4

 1.4821

UNS31803

 X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5

 1.4462

UNS32760

X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7

1.4501

Z 3 CND 25-06Az

403

 X 6 Cr 13

X 10 Cr 13

X 15 Cr 13

 1.4000

 1.4006

 1.4024

 Z 12 C 13

SUS 403

 X 12 Cr 13

 23 02

 403S17

 X 10 Cr 13

X 12 Cr 13

 X 6 Cr 13

 12Kh13

405

 X 6 CrAl 13

1.4002

 Z 6 CA 13

SUS 405

 X 6 CrAl 13

 405S17

 X 6 CrAl 13

 X 6 CrAl 13

 X 10 CrAl 7

 1.4713

 Z 8 CA 7

 X 10 CrAl 7

 X 10 CrAl 13

 1.4724

 X 10 CrAl 12

 10Kh13SYu

 X 10 CrAl 18

 1.4742

X 10 CrSiAl 18

 15Kh18SYu

409

 X 6 CrTi 12

 1.4512

 Z 6 CT 12

SUH 409

 X 6 CrTi 12

 409S19

 X 5 CrTi 12

 X 2 CrTi 12

410

 X 6 Cr 13

X 10 Cr 13

X 15 Cr 13

 1.4000

 1.4006

 1.4024

 Z 10 C 13

Z 12 C 13

SUS 410

 X 12 Cr 13

 23 02

 410S21

 X 12 Cr 13

 X 12 Cr 13

 12Kh13

410 S

 X 6 Cr 13

 1.4000

 Z 6 C 13

SUS 410S

 X 6 Cr 13

 23 01

 403S17

 X 6 Cr 13

 08Kh13

414

Factory

pipe factory_副本

Quality advantage:

The quality of our products for the control line in oil and gas sector is assured not just during the controlled manufacturing process but also by way of finished product testing. Typical tests include:

1.Non-destructive tests

2. Hydrostatic tests

3.Surface finish controls

4. Dimensional accuracy measurements

5.Flare and coning tests

6. Mechanical and chemical property testing

Application caillary tube

1) Medical device industry

2) temperature-guided industrial temperature control, sensors used pipe, tube thermometer

3) Pens care industry core tube

4) micro-tube antenna, various types of small precision stainless steel antenna

5) With a variety of electronic small-diameter Stainless steel capillary

6) Jewelry needle punch

7) Watches, picture

8) Car antenna tube, bar antennas using tubes, antenna tube

9) Laser engraving equipment to use stainless steel tube

10) Fishing gear, accessories, Yugan out with possession of

11) Diet with stainless steel capillary

12) all types of mobile phone stylus  a computer stylus

13) Heating pipe industry, oil industry

14) Printers, silent box needle

15) Pull a double-melt stainless steel tube used in window-coupled

16) A variety of industrial small diameter Precision stainless steel tubes

17) Precision dispensing with stainless steel needles

18) Microphone, headphones and microphone to use stainless steel tube, and so on

pipe packging

222

 


  • Previous:
  • Next:

  • Write your message here and send it to us

    Related products

    • Best Price on China Factory Heat Exchange Stainless Steel Coil Tubing 309S 310S 316L 321

      Best Price on China Factory Heat Exchange Stain...

      We also supply products sourcing and flight consolidation services. We now have our personal manufacturing unit and sourcing business office. We can give you almost every variety of solution related to our merchandise assortment for Best Price on China Factory Heat Exchange Stainless Steel Coil Tubing 309S 310S 316L 321, Should you be hunting for a top quality, quickly delivery, very best immediately after provider and great cost supplier in China for long-term company partnership, we are goi...

    • Excellent quality Stainless Steel Capillary Coil/Coiled Tubes (tubings, Pipes)

      Excellent quality Stainless Steel Capillary Coi...

      We rely upon strategic thinking, constant modernisation in all segments, technological advances and of course upon our employees that directly participate in our success for Excellent quality Stainless Steel Capillary Coil/Coiled Tubes (tubings, Pipes), We welcome new and old customers from all walks of life to contact us for future business relationships and achieve mutual success! We rely upon strategic thinking, constant modernisation in all segments, technological advances and of course u...

    • Factory Free sample China ASTM High Temperature Resistant Round Conveyor Roller Steel Structure Stainless Steel Pipe Galvanized Steel Pipe Steel Tube Conveyor Roller Tube Steel Tube

      Factory Free sample China ASTM High Temperature...

      We usually continually offer you the most conscientious consumer services, along with the widest variety of designs and styles with finest materials. These initiatives include the availability of customized designs with speed and dispatch for Factory Free sample China ASTM High Temperature Resistant Round Conveyor Roller Steel Structure Stainless Steel Pipe Galvanized Steel Pipe Steel Tube Conveyor Roller Tube Steel Tube, We also be sure that your selection might be crafted with the optimum q...

    • Manufacturer of China Factory Direct Sale Stainless Steel Tubing Coil 304 Large Diameter Stainless Steel Pipe

      Manufacturer of China Factory Direct Sale Stain...

      We constantly continually give you essentially the most conscientious client provider, plus the widest variety of designs and styles with finest materials. These initiatives include the availability of customized designs with speed and dispatch for Manufacturer of China Factory Direct Sale Stainless Steel Tubing Coil 304 Large Diameter Stainless Steel Pipe, Our concept is usually to aid presenting the confidence of each purchasers with the offering of our most honest provider, and the right p...

    • Hot sale Factory China Exhaust Pipe Gr1 Gr2 Gr5 3 Inch Titanium Tubing Price

      Hot sale Factory China Exhaust Pipe Gr1 Gr2 Gr5...

      Our commission would be to serve our customers and clientele with very best excellent and aggressive portable digital products for Hot sale Factory China Exhaust Pipe Gr1 Gr2 Gr5 3 Inch Titanium Tubing Price, Our concept will be to help presenting the confidence of each buyers with all the offering of our most honest support, and the right products. Our commission would be to serve our customers and clientele with very best excellent and aggressive portable digital products for China Titanium...

    • ODM Supplier China Seamless ASTM A249 316L Stainless Steel Coiled Tube with High Quality

      ODM Supplier China Seamless ASTM A249 316L Stai...

      It adheres on the tenet “Honest, industrious, enterprising, innovative” to acquire new solutions continuously. It regards prospects, success as its personal success. Let us build prosperous future hand in hand for ODM Supplier China Seamless ASTM A249 316L Stainless Steel Coiled Tube with High Quality, The concept of our corporation is “Sincerity, Speed, Services, and Satisfaction”. We’re going to follow this concept and gain more and far more customers’ pl...